The development of a strong Th1-mediated adaptive immune response is considered of main importance for host defense against the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The induction of a cellular immune response is not only dependent on the engagement of the TCR but also requires co-stimulation. In order to study the role of the co-stimulatory molecule of the tumor necrosis factor re...

hydatid disease has a worldwide spreading. the most common site of the disease is the liver, lungs, kidney, bones, and brain. splenic hydatid disease has been reported to constitute 2% to 6% of patients with abdominal hydatid disease. because of the rarity of splenic hydatid disease, the probable concomitance of the liver and splenic hydatid cysts should be taken into consideration by clinician...

abstract distal pancreatectomy has been a standard technique for pancreatic body and tail lesions for years ago. recently, it is being performed laparoscopically in a perfect manner. there are two common methods for this procedure. one is distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy and the other is distal pancreatectomy with spleen preservation. in patients with splenic vessels involvement, it is no...

background: splenic cysts are known as rare clinical encounter. classifying into primary (true) and secondary cysts (pseudocysts), true cysts contain cellular epithelial lining and subdivided into parasitic and non-parasitic cysts. this study aimed to determine the outcome of treatment in patients with splenic cyst. methods: all patients with splenic cyst who had been treated in department of g...

Moxifloxacin (MXF) is a new 8-methoxyquinolone with potent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a half-life of 9 to 12 h in humans. Previous in vivo studies using daily doses of 100 mg/kg of body weight have demonstrated bactericidal activity comparable to that of isoniazid (INH) in a murine model of tuberculosis (TB). Recent pharmacokinetic data suggest that MXF may have been undera...

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) uses efficient strategies to evade the eradication by professional phagocytes, involving--as recently confirmed--escape from phagosomal confinement. While Mtb determinants, such as the ESX-1 type VII secretion system, that contribute to this phenomenon are known, the host cell factors governing this important biological process are yet unexplored. Using a newly ...

splenic rupture during pregnancy is considered a catastrophic condition associated with high maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. herein, we report a case of severe preeclampsia that underwent cesarean delivery with subsequent spontaneous splenic rupture. a 21-year-old primigravid woman was transferred to our center due to severe preeclampsia that underwent cesarean delivery because of u...

Activation of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells is required for an effective immune response to an M. tuberculosis infection. However, infected macrophages are poor antigen presenting cells and may be spatially separated from recruited T cells, thus limiting antigen presentation within a granuloma. Our previous studies showed that infected macrophages release from cells small membrane-bound vesicl...