linguistic/cultural differences of learners’ native language with english as a foreign language, gender and english proficiency level are among those numerous variables which affect english learning and its quality in iranian context. the present study was an attempt to illuminate the effects of these variables on performing integrative approach of general english tests (cloze test and recall t...

The current report demonstrates the importance of formally accounting for passage difficulty when using the tracking procedure. Cloze responses to 82 encyclopedia excerpts (343-349 words each) were obtained from a large pool of normal-hearing adults and scored verbatim. Passage difficulty, derived via ANOVA, was then defined as the deviation of a passage's mean Cloze score from the score for al...

When students study for multiple-choice cloze tests as the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC), they tend to repeatedly tackle questions of the same type. In such situations, students can effectively solve questions related to their incorrectly answered questions. However, since they need several different kinds of knowledge and a large vocabulary to derive answers, it is in...

Representation and learning of commonsense knowledge is one of the foundational problems in the quest to enable deep language understanding. This issue is particularly challenging for understanding casual and correlational relationships between events. While this topic has received a lot of interest in the NLP community, research has been hindered by the lack of a proper evaluation framework. T...

A readability formula is obtained that can be used by computer programs for style checking of Japanese texts and need not syntactic or semantic information. The formula is derived as a linear combination of tile surface characteristics of the text that are related to its readability: (1) the average number of characters per sentence, (2) for each type of characters (Roman alphabets, kanzis, hir...

Gamma-band neuronal synchronization during sentence-level language comprehension has previously been linked with semantic unification. Here, we attempt to further narrow down the functional significance of gamma during language comprehension, by distinguishing between two aspects of semantic unification: successful integration of word meaning into the sentence context, and prediction of upcomin...