The Standard Model is the theory used to describe the interactions between fundamental particles and fundamental forces. It is remarkably successful at predicting the outcome of particle physics experiments. However, the theory has not yet been completely verified. In particular, one of the most vital constituents, the Higgs boson, has not yet been observed. This paper describes the Standard Mo...

High statistics Standard Model processes like fermion-and photon-pair production in e + e − collisions are studied at centre-of-mass energies up to 209 GeV. No significant deviation from the Standard Model is observed, leading to strong constraints on models with additional heavy vector bosons, contact interactions and low scale gravity. A largely model independent determination of the Z mass b...

An overview of unified theory models that extend the standard model is given. A scenario describing the physics beyond the standard model is developed based on a finite quantum field theory (FQFT) and the group G=SO(3, 1)⊗SU(3)⊗SU(2)⊗U(1). The field theory is Poincaré invariant, gauge invariant, finite and unitary to all orders of perturbation theory and has a fundamental scale which is chosen ...

We have a well-established standard model for cosmology and prospects for considerable additions from work in progress. I offer a list of elements of the standard model, comments on controversies in the interpretation of the evidence in support of this model, and assessments of the directions extensions of the standard model seem to be taking. Table of

The successes and shortcomings of the Standard Model are reviewed, with emphasis on the reasons motivating the need to extend it. The basic elements of grand unification and supersymmetry are described, exploring their phenomenological implications for gauge coupling unification, proton decay, fermion masses, neutrino physics, collider signatures, dark matter, rare decays and anomalous magnetic...

An Optimistic Fair Exchange (OFE) protocol is a good way for two parties to exchange their digital items in a fair way such that at the end of the protocol execution, both of them receive their items or none of them receive anything. In an OFE protocol there is a semi-trusted third party, named arbitrator, which involves in the protocol if it is necessary. But there is a security problem when a...