Large deformations of helical springs are affected by coil contact, but most available spring modelling techniques only account for nonlinear vertical motion, and Finite Elements (FE) analysis that considers contact between coils can be very expensive. A 2D model based on equivalent beam penalty-based algorithm is developed efficient yet realistic prediction non-uniform deflection. The proposed...

Bridges are regarded as one of the most important components transportation infrastructure. More and more repairs, inspections, alterations, construction processes required to maintain safe usage due increasing travel demands in addition bridge infrastructure aging. In this paper, we will discuss experimental investigation using five reinforced concrete beams evaluate effect making damage under...