A bstract Inspired by Lefschetz thimble theory, we treat Quantum Field Theory as a statistical theory with complex Probability Distribution Function (PDF). Such complex-valued PDFs permit the violation of Bell-type inequalities, which cannot be violated real-valued, non-negative PDF. In this paper, consider Classical-Statistical approximation in context viz. familiar (spatial) Bell inequalities...

We investigate the setting in which Monte Carlo methods are used and draw a parallel to the formal setting of statistical inference. In particular, we nd that Monte Carlo approximation gives rise to a bias-variance dilemma. We show that it is possible to construct a biased approximation schemes with a lower approximation error than a related unbiased algorithms.

We suggest a new approximation for the prediction of genetic values in marker-assisted selection. The new approximation is compared to the standard approach. It is shown that the new approach will often provide substantially better prediction of genetic values; furthermore the new approximation avoids some of the known statistical problems of the standard approach. The advantages of the new app...