Diaphragms are a fundamental part of the earthquake-resistant system, and in terms rigidity, it is essential to transmit dynamic loads on base structure.Also, floor openings response buildings against progressive collapse issues that have received less attention.In this study, opening surfaces their positions potential steel moment-resisting frame (SMRF) were investigated according alternate lo...

Building structures are subject to displacement under the influence of forces resulting from earthquake. The most common method of controlling such displacements in steel structures, which are usually of lateral type, is the use of braces. Depending on designing requirements and feasibility, braces are available in various forms. Configuration of bracing systems is generally of concentric or ec...

ao"length of opening dh, dl"distance from top of steel section to centroid of concrete force at high and low moment ends of the opening, respectively dr"distance from outside edge of flange to centroid of reinforcement *b"maximum bending deflection for unperforated beam *m,b"maximum bending deflection for a member with an opening Fy"yield stress of steel FM y"reduced axial strength of steel in ...

This paper presents the test results to characterise the moment-rotation response of nominally pinned joints in frames of pultruded shapes. Mimicking conventional steel construction the major-axis beamto-column joints are formed using pultruded FRP web cleats having steel bolting. There are two joint configurations with either a single row of three or two bolts per cleat leg. Testing is conduct...