Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) produced during viral replication is believed to be the critical trigger for activation of antiviral immunity mediated by the RNA helicase enzymes retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). We showed that influenza A virus infection does not generate dsRNA and that RIG-I is activated by viral genomic single-stranded ...

The innate immune system is essential for the initial detection of invading viruses and subsequent activation of adaptive immunity. Three classes of receptors, designated retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), sense viral components, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), single-s...

The influenza A virus nonstructural NS1 protein is known to modulate host cell gene expression and to inhibit double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated antiviral responses. Here we identify NS1 as the first viral protein that antagonizes virus- and dsRNA-induced activation of the stress response-signaling pathway mediated through Jun N-terminal kinase.

Transmissible hypovirulence of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, is associated with cytoplasmic double-stranded-RNA (dsRNA) viruses. The fungal laccase has attracted interest because its activity is reduced in hypovirulent dsRNA-containing strains. A laccase cDNA clone was isolated by screening a cDNA expression library with antibodies against the purified extracellular lacc...

The molecular weight of the double-stranded RNA (Pl dsRNA) always associated with the virus-like particles that occur in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was determined to be 3.5 + 0.1 X lo6 by equilibrium sedimentation. Methylmercuric-agarose gel electrophoresis yielded a value of 1.67 + 0.11 x lo6 for the single-stranded form. The sedimentation coefficient, 0 SZO+,, was determined by bounda...

Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of mortality in women, and novel treatments with improved efficacy are needed to fight ovarian cancer. Double-stranded (ds) RNA, including the synthetic polyinosinic cytidylic acid (poly (I:C), has shown promise as therapeutic. Phytoglycogen derived from sweet corn, nanodendrix (NDX) carrier for dsRNA. The responsiveness NDX-delivered poly NDX-poly was tested t...

Recent research has linked the non-coding intronic regions of plant genes to the production of small RNAs (sRNAs). Certain introns, called 'mirtrons' and 'sirtrons', could serve as the single-stranded RNA precursors for the generation of microRNA and small interfering RNA, respectively. However, whether the intronic regions could serve as the template for double-stranded RNA synthesis and then ...

In Drosophila melanogaster, the Dicer-2/R2D2 complex initiates RNA interference (RNAi) by processing long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into small interfering RNA (siRNA). Recent biochemical studies suggest that the Dcr-2/R2D2 complex also facilitates incorporation of siRNA into the RNA-induced silencing complex (siRISC). Here we present genetic evidence that R2D2 and Dcr-2 are both required for ...

'Ribosome scanning' is the generally accepted mechanism for explaining how a ribosome finds an initiation codon located far removed from the ribosome recruiting site (cap structure). However, the molecular characteristics of ribosome scanning along 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) remain obscure. Herein, using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate (RRL) system and artificial ribonucleic acid (RNA) constru...

During the analysis of the La (SS-B) autoantigen for catalytic activities an ATP-dependent double-stranded RNA unwinding activity was detected. Both native and recombinant La proteins from different species displayed this activity, which could be inhibited by monospecific anti-La antibodies. La protein was able to melt dsRNA substrates with either two 3'-overhangs or a single 3'- and a 5'-overh...