We report on the nondestructive observation of Rabi oscillations on the Cs clock transition. The internal atomic state evolution of a dipole-trapped ensemble of cold atoms is inferred from the phase shift of a probe laser beam as measured using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. We describe a single color as well as a two-color probing scheme. Using the latter, measurements of the collective pseudo...

Oxygen isotope ratios in Porites microatolls from Christmas Island in the central Pacific provide highresolution proxy records of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability since 3.8 thousand years ago (ka). Compared with modern microatolls, reconstructions from fossil microatolls imply that interannual variations in ENSO sea-surface temperature and precipitation were less intense 3.8–2.8 ...

The upper temperature tolerance of 10 commercially important South American bivalve species (Gari solida, Semele solida, Semele corrugata, Protothaca thaca, Venus antiqua. Tagelus dombeii, Ensis macha, Aulacomya ater, Choromytilus chorus and Argopecten purpura tus) off Peru and Chile was determined and compared in order to study some of the effects of El Nino. Due to higher habitat temperatures...

During the winter of 2015, there was a strong El Nino (ENSO) event, resulting in significant anomalies for meteorological conditions in China. Analysis shows that the meteorological conditions in December 2015 (compared to December 2014) had several important anomalies, including the following: (1) the surface southeasterly winds were significantly enhanced in the North China Plain (NCP); (2) t...

In the stability, sensitivity and predictability studies in geophysical fluid dynamics, linear singular vector (LSV), which is the fastest growing perturbation of the linearized model, is one of the useful tools. However, the linear approximation has strong limitations on the applicability of LSV, since it ignores the nonlinear processes, such as wave-mean flow interactions. The authors have pr...

This chapter reviews the progress made in the past decade in understanding tropical Atlantic climate variability. In addition to an equatorially anti-symmetric seasonal cycle forced directly by the seasonal march of the sun, Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) displays a pronounced annual cycle on the equator that results from continental monsoon forcing and air-sea interaction. This cycle i...

A unique open-ocean upwelling exists in the tropical South Indian Ocean (SIO), a result of the negative wind curl between the southeasterly trades and equatorial westerlies, raising the thermocline in the west. Analysis of in-situ measurements and a model-assimilated dataset reveals a strong influence of subsurface thermocline variability on sea surface temperature (SST) in this upwelling zone....

RC: “Authors didn’t mention about the aerosol-retrieval uncertainties over the land, especially during large-scale fire events” AC: This has been mentioned in other papers we have cited and already performed over this region (Cohen, 2014; Cohen et al., 2017). However, for clarity the values will be added into this paper. There are two issues, the first with cloud cover, in which a bias may exis...

The main driver for the large research effort devoted to developing and improving seasonal climate prediction models is the fact that El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events (quasiperiodic fluctuations in Indo-Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures and mean sea level pressure) represent, on a global scale, the greatest source of interannual climate variability and are, to some extent, predic...