Although the impacts of structural instability on testing for unit root have been studied extensively for univariate time series, such impacts on panel data unit root tests are still relatively unknown. A major issue is the choice of model in accommodating different types of break (instability) prior to testing for unit root. Specifically, researchers must specify a potential break in the inter...

Structural equation modeling (SEM) with ordinal indicators rely on an assumption of categorized normality. This assumption may be tested for pairs of variables using the likelihood ratio G or Pearson’s X statistics. For increased computational efficiency, SEM programs usually estimate polychoric correlations in two stages. However, two-stage polychoric estimates are not asymptotically efficient...

This study investigates the effects of fitness changes on hippocampal microstructure and hippocampal volume. Fifty-two healthy participants aged 59-74years with a sedentary lifestyle were randomly assigned to either of two levels of exercise intensity. Training lasted for six months. Physical fitness, hippocampal volumes, and hippocampal microstructure were measured before and after training. H...

Introduction: The design and structural characterization of mini-proteins with a compact, folded structure provide insight into the complex architecture of proteins today and has long been a challenging issue in structural- functional studies. Alpha neurotoxins from snake venom have a distinct folded structure comprised of a disulphide core and three loops or “fingers” each of these loops are c...

This paper applies conventional panel unit root tests and panel stationarity tests with and without structural breaks to examine the time series properties of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita for a panel of eight Pacific Island economies. The panel unit root and panel stationarity tests without structural breaks suggest that for the panel as a whole real GDP per capita contains a un...

Alphavirus vectors are being developed for possible human vaccine and gene therapy applications. We have sought to advance this field by devising DNA-based vectors and approaches for the production of recombinant vector particles. In this work, we generated a panel of alphavirus vector packaging cell lines (PCLs). These cell lines were stably transformed with expression cassettes that constitut...

This paper presents a Bayesian assessment of the likelihood of unit roots in the unemployment rates of 16 OECD countries. Bayesian techniques for detecting multiple structural breaks in time series have recently been developed by Wang and Zivot (2000). I apply these tests to a data set recently analyzed by Papell et al (2000). I also treat the number of structural breaks as an additional parame...

In recent research, Leybourne and Newbold (2003) have shown commonly employed tests of cointegration to exhibit spurious rejection when applied to independent unit root processes subject to breaks in either level or trend. In the present paper, this research is extended to consider the finite-sample properties of cointegration tests which explicitly incorporate structural change. It is shown th...

This paper argues for the existence of a deeper and more primitive structural unit of syntax and morphology than the constituent. Data from ellipsis, idiom formation, predicate complexes, bracketing paradoxes, and multiple auxiliary constructions challenge constituency-based analyses. In chain-based dependency grammar, however, constituents are seen as complete components. Components are units ...

the crystals of [ws (cuncs) ] anion have been isolated from ch ,ci solution and examined by x-ray structural analysis as well as by ir spectroscopy. the unit cell is monoclinic with a= 14.3796(13), b= 18.039(1 i), c= 22.5956(23)& p= 96.053(8)', space group p2,/n (14), z= 4. the crystal structure was refined by the least-squares calculations to a final r-value of 0.0398(rw= 0.0443) for 2777...