Two unique findings, advanced calcification and ectopic neuroglia, were encountered in the wall of a giant congenital arachnoid cyst occurring in a 40 year old woman. The cyst almost totally filled the supratentorial subdural space of the left hemicranial cavity, was not connected with the subarachnoid space, and thus developed intra-arachnoidally. Its congenitally derived nature was supported ...

BACKGROUND Intradermal injection of capsaicin into the hind paw of rats induces spinal cord central sensititzation, a process in which the responsiveness of central nociceptive neurons is amplified. In central sensitization, many signal transduction pathways composed of several cascades of intracellular enzymes are involved. As the phosphorylation state of neuronal proteins is strictly controll...

Spinal anesthesia is a simple technique that provides a deep and fast surgical block through the injection of small doses of local anesthetic solution into the subarachnoid space. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview on recent developments on local anesthetic drugs, side effects, and special techniques of intrathecal anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia can be considered adequately saf...

Transport of solutes through brain involves diffusion and convection. The importance of convective flow in the subarachnoid and paravascular spaces has long been recognized; a recently proposed 'glymphatic' clearance mechanism additionally suggests that aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels facilitate convective transport through brain parenchyma. Here, the major experimental underpinnings of the g...

Hydrocephalus has been demonstrated to be an independent risk factor for poor outcomes in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Blockage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and drainage is widely considered to play a vital role in communicating hydrocephalus, possibly due to subarachnoid fibrosis. A previous study indicated that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a key fibrogenic fact...

The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are important cytokines with modulatory actions in the nervous system. The present study aimed to investigate the role and expression of HGF and VEGF in the cerebral tissue of adult rats with chronic hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: a control...