Enhanced environmental quality, fuel security, and economic development along with reduced prices of ethanol–gasoline blends are often used as justifications for the U.S. federal excise tax exemption on ethanol fuels. However, the possible effect of increased overall consumption of fuel in response to lower total price, mitigating the environmental and fuel security benefits, are generally not ...

The Nutrition North Canada program is a federal retail subsidy designed to make nutritious, perishable food more widely available and affordable in northern communities. Implemented in April 2011, Nutrition North replaced the Food Mail freight subsidy long used to offset the high cost of transporting perishable food to remote towns and villages lacking year-round road access. An examination of ...

Energy demand for residential heating is targeted in France by a number of subsidy programmes (tax credits, zero-interest loans, reduced VAT, white certificates) and the carbon tax. We assess cost-effectiveness distributional impacts these policies using Res-IRF, an energy-economy model that integrates relevant economic, behavioural technological processes. find that, without further specificat...

In terms of implementing the government spending especially for subsidy, continuing improvement implementation is needed to get more effective and efficient. The Government Expenditure a program that encourages maintains public consumption, those with low incomes. Completion subsidy important given limited fiscal space so it needs be implemented as well possible both in optimization welfare imp...

Abstract Decades of negotiation to extend the GATT/WTO system address subsidies have never produced sort uniform, scheduled rules that apply tariffs or even services. Instead, WTO members developed demarcate permissible and impermissible subsidies. In this paper, I argue approach is now hampered by shifts in share global trade away from geopolitically aligned, wealthy states growth supply chain...

Forestry ecological projects have a huge impact on the living standard of forest farmers. Thus, information channels forest farmers choose to know about the information of these projects have great importance. The purpose of this study is to find out the main factors that influencing the adoption of these information channels of forest farmers in Western China. Rough set theory is used to solve...

In this paper we appraise current agricultural subsidy policy in the EU. Several sources of its inefficiency are identified: it is inefficient for supporting farmers' incomes or guaranteeing food security, and irrational transfer payments decoupled from actual performance that may be negative for environmental protection, social cohesion, etc. Based on a simplified economic model, we prove that...