Large-scale topographic analyses show that hemisphere-scale climate variations are a first-order control on the morphology of the Andes. Zonal atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere creates strong latitudinal precipitation gradients that, when incorporated in a generalized index of erosion intensity, predict strong gradients in erosion rates both along and across the Andes. Cross-ra...

............................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 4 The Grounded Theory Method..........................................................................

Atmospheric densities derived from measured acceleration of several Mars orbiters reveal large amplitude Sun-synchronous longitudinal density variations at altitudes of about 100-160km (see Figure 1). These variations are associated with vertically-propagating nonmigrating solar thermal tides that are excited near Mars’ surface and propagate into the thermosphere. Excitation of these waves is a...

A two-dimensional circulation model has been used to test the hypothesis of whether the observed lowfrequency current variations in the central Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea, can be explained by basin-scale topographic wave response. A comparison of two-dimensional model results with measurements from a single current meter in the gulf showed good correlation. More sophisticated three-dimensional ba...

enzymes are so crucial in the mineralization process of organic material. information of the soil enzymes activity is used in determining of the soil microbial properties and they are also important in soil health and quality. topographic attributes, soil properties and soil enzymes are associated together. hence, it is essential to know how these parameters affect on the soil enzymes activity....

Raster-based topographic maps are commonly used in geoinformation systems to overlay geographic entities on top of digital terrain models. Using compressed texture formats for encoding topographic maps allows reducing latency times while visualizing large geographic datasets. Topographic maps encompass high-frequency content with large uniform regions, making current compressed texture formats ...

background: similar to the thermoluminescence (tl) spectra, the optical parameters variations can also be used in tl crystals for dosimetry purposes. these optical parameters can include absorption, transmission and reflection coefficients. materials and methods: single crystals of kbr and kcl which have been used in this research were grown from laboratory grade extra pure precursor powders. c...

Topography and bathymetry are principally supported by some combination of crustal sub-crustal density variations. However, dynamic topography is generated vertical deflection the Earth's surface as a result mantle convection. Isolating quantifying observable yields valuable information about processes. Here, we investigate global calculating residual depth anomalies throughout oceanic realm to...

To investigate structural characteristics associated with variations in slip behavior on the plate boundary Nankai subduction zone, we conducted seismic reflection surveys central-western Trough. Data were processed by pre-stack depth migration. The resulting map of top subducting Philippine Sea shows detailed topographic features boundary, including seamounts and large-scale undulations surfac...