Detailed, long-term datasets on the life histories of long-lived species such as great apes are necessary to understand their survival patterns but relatively rare. Such information requires prolonged and consistent record-keeping over many generations, so for chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ), this equates decades input. As history variables can be altered by differences in environmental influen...

Many staging systems of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were established; however, there is no consensus on which is proper in predicting prognosis. This study aims to evaluate various commonly used staging systems of HCC. Patients who underwent surgery during 2001-2007 were included. All patient data were retrospectively staged using six staging systems, that are American Joint Committee on Can...

Studies of nesting birds commonly seek to estimate nest success and to evaluate relationships between nest-survival rates and hypothesized infl uential factors. Recently, a number of advances have been made with regard to the analysis of nest-survival data, and improved methods now exist for relaxing assumptions and accounting for potentially important sources of variation in nest-survival data...