In this paper a physically-based snow transport model (SnowTran-3D) was used to simulate snow drifting over a 30 m grid, and was compared to detailed snow water equivalence (SWE) surveys on three dates within a small 0.25 km 2 subwatershed, Upper Sheep Creek. Two precipitation scenarios and two vegetation scenarios were used to carry out four snow transport model runs in order to: (1) evaluate ...

In the present paper we consider a 2-D shallow-water equations (SWE) model on a βplane solved using an alternating direction fully implicit (ADI) finite-difference scheme (Gustafsson 1971, Fairweather and Navon 1980, Navon and De Villiers 1986, Kreiss and Widlund 1966) on a rectangular domain. The scheme was shown to be unconditionally stable for the linearized equations. The discretization yie...

In this paper a physically based snow transport model (SnowTran-3D) was used to simulate snow drifting over a 30 m grid and was compared to detailed snow water equivalence (SWE) surveys on three dates within a small 0.25 km subwatershed, Upper Sheep Creek. Two precipitation scenarios and two vegetation scenarios were used to carry out four snow transport model runs in order to (1) evaluate the ...

The Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) initiative of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) defines standards for Web Service interfaces and data encodings usable as building blocks to implement a Sensor Web. These standards encapsulate sensors for web-based discovery, tasking and access. In recent years, SWE has been applied in a multitude of projects, demonstrating its suitability in real world scenar...

The general aim of Systems Engineering (SE) and Software Engineering (SwE) is the definition, development and deployment of large-scale cost-effective and trustworthy integrated systems and software-intensive systems respectively. In pursuit of this aim, both disciplines have generated models and standards of processes to guide and control the engineering and managerial activities involved in t...

The Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) architecture of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) has reached a broad acceptance. However, although the core specifications reached a mature state, the integration of a cataloguing service for sensors has not yet been achieved. Previous work focused on registries that address the specifics of dynamic sensor networks, on mechanisms for handling the semantics of...

[1] Observations of snow water equivalent (SWE) in the Pacific Northwest are examined and compared with variability and trends in temperature and precipitation at nearby climate stations. At most locations, especially below about 1800 m, substantial declines in SWE coincide with significant increases in temperature, and occur in spite of increases in precipitation.

Eighteen global atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) participating in the second phase of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP-2) are evaluated for their ability to simulate the observed spatial and temporal variability in snow mass, or water equivalent (SWE), over North America during the AMIP-2 period (1979–95). The evaluation is based on a new gridded SWE dataset dev...

INTRODUCTION Thyroid nodular disease (TND) is a very common disorder. However, since the rate of malignancy is reported to be 3-10%, only a minority of patients require aggressive surgical treatment. As a result, there is a need for diagnostic tools which would allow for a reliable differentiation between benign and malignant nodules. Although a number of conventional ultrasonographic (US) feat...