The conflict in Syria has now dragged on for over a decade. Some 600,000 people have been killed, millions more injured, maimed, and traumatized, 12 million (half of the pre-war population) ...

Abstract This article examines interstate competitions over “Syrians” whose legal status as Ottoman subjects was not yet terminated by a peace treaty at the end of World War I. Focusing mainly on occupied Istanbul, it traces French efforts to protect or bring Syrians back home “Syria.” Given that Syria still in making, stakes here were high and determined postwar reconfigurations connected Ista...

A series of treaties between Lebanon and Syria on the use Orontes (‘Assi) River’s flows emerged in mid-1990s, being reformed twice to result a finalized 2002 agreement allocating 96 million cubic meters (MCM) out 403 MCM as measured at Hermel Bridge gauge. Focusing area south Ar-Rastan, Syria, this article seeks explore these treaties’ treatment groundwater, ultimately demonstrating that it is ...