ent pathogens; these mechanisms are mainly secondary to the activation of B lymphocytes and of humoral immunity, or to the activation of cell-mediated immunity. Activation of B lymphocytes, and production of antibodies has been shown to be more useful in defense against cell-free agents and toxins (e.g., pneumococcus; tetanus toxins). In contrast, triggering of cell-mediated immunity appears to...

Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) is one of the most widely used viral vectors and is known to generate potent T cell responses. While many previous studies have characterized Ad5-induced CD8 T cell responses, there is a relative lack of detailed studies that have analyzed CD4 T cells elicited by Ad5 vaccination. Here, we immunized mice with Ad5 vectors encoding lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LC...

T helper type 1 (Th1)-type CD4(+) antitumor T cell help appears critical to the induction and maintenance of antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in vivo. In contrast, Th2- or Th3/Tr-type CD4(+) T cell responses may subvert Th1-type cell-mediated immunity, providing a microenvironment conducive to disease progression. We have recently identified helper T cell epitopes derived from t...

The adoptive transfer of lymphocytes expressing high-avidity T-cell receptors with antitumor specificity provides a promising therapy for cancer patients. Recently, we compared 12 HLA-A2-restricted, tyrosinase peptide-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clones and demonstrated that polyfunctional type 1 helper (Th1)-cytokine secretion serves to rapidly select high-quality, high-avidity...

Mucosal immune responses to fungal infection range from T helper type 2 (Th2) cell-directed allergic inflammation to Th1-predominant neutrophilic inflammation, but the mechanisms directing these divergent mucosal immune outcomes and the role of T cells in host defense against mucosal fungal infections are not known. Here we examined the mouse mucosal immune responses to 12 filamentous environme...

Our understanding of how thymocytes differentiate into many subtypes has been increased progressively in its complexity. At early life, the thymus provides a suitable microenvironment with specific combination of stromal cells, growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines to induce the bone marrow lymphoid progenitor T-cell precursors into single-positive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T effectors and CD4(+)CD...

In this article, we use system dynamical model (base on a set of nonlinear differential equations) and stochastic process model (Master equations of elementary reaction) to simulate the T helper cell differentiation (including Th1-Th2-Th17-Treg), especially the Th1-Th2 differentiations signaling network. We draw a conclusion that the critical trigger factor of naive T helper cells differentiati...

A dichotomous T-helper 1 (Th1) versus T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokine response to trophoblast has been proposed to mediate reproductive failure and success, respectively. Progesterone has immunosuppressive properties. In this study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from women with and without unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss who had and did not have evidence of embryotoxic, Th1 immunity to trop...

T helper 17 (Th17) cells are characterized by the secretion of IL-17, a proinflammatory cytokine. They represent a newly described T helper subpopulation that is distinct from Th1 and Th2 lineages. Because of their pleiotropic activity on fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, neutrophils and memory T cells, Th17 cells are thought to be crucial in mediating tissue inflammation and autoi...

Proinflammatory T helper 1 (Th1) cells express high levels of carbohydrate ligands for the endothelial selectins, but the molecular basis for this phenotype is incompletely understood. We document here a significant role in selectin ligand formation for the recently described Th1 transcription factor T-bet. Th1 cells generated from T-bet-/- mice showed significantly lower levels of ligands for ...