Novel composites between cellulose (CEL) and keratin (KER) from three different sources (wool, hair and chicken feather) were successfully synthesized in a simple one-step process in which butylmethylimidazolium chloride (BMIm+Cl−), an ionic liquid, was used as the sole solvent. The method is green and recyclable because [BMIm+Cl−] used was recovered for reuse. Spectroscopy (FTIR, XRD) and imag...

Following thymic output, αβ⁺CD4⁺ T cells become activated in the periphery when they encounter peptide-major histocompatibility complex. A combination of cytokine and co-stimulatory signals instructs the differentiation of T cells into various lineages and subsequent expansion and contraction during an appropriate and protective immune response. Our understanding of the events leading to T-cell...

Immunotherapy is a rapidly developing field of multiple myeloma, disease which despite the development new drugs remains incurable. There are several antigens that being assessed in preclinical and clinical settings, but most studied all B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA). BCMA target for antibody conjugated with toxins (ADCs), bispecific engagers (BITEs), modified autologous lymphocytes (CAR-T, ...

Helper T cells play a crucial role in the induct ion and amplification of humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses in man. For example, helper T cells are absolutely required for the polyclonal immunoglobul in response triggered by pokeweed mitogen (PWM) (1) as well as for antigen-specific an t ibody responses to virus (2), soluble proteins (3), hapten (4), and heterologous erythrocytes (5)...

Signal transduction in response to ligand recognition by T cell receptors regulates T cell fate within and beyond the thymus. Herein we examine the involvement of the CD4 molecule in the regulation of T helper cell survival. T helper cells that lack CD4 expression are prone to apoptosis and show diminished survival after adoptive transfer to irradiated recipients. The helper lineage in CD4(-/-)...