BACKGROUND The posterior shoulder muscles play key roles in maintaining shoulder function in throwing. Arm fatigue has been identified as a risk factor for shoulder and elbow pain in youth baseball pitchers. However, endurance of the posterior shoulder muscles in overhead athletes is not routinely examined or conditioned. HYPOTHESIS Upper extremity muscular endurance can be improved in adoles...

the purpose of present study was to examine the effects of caffeine and ephedrine supplement and their combination on maximal strength and mucular endurance in male bodybuilders. 12 male bodybuilders (mean age: 24.41±4.42 years, height: 174.83±3.61 cm and weight: 75.67±8.05 kg) were selected voluntarily. the study design was crossover, in which the subjects were placed in 7 different conditions...

PURPOSE It has been suggested that endurance training influences the running economy (CR) and the oxygen uptake (.VO(2)) kinetics in heavy exercise by accelerating the primary phase and attenuating the .VO(2) slow component. However, the effects of heavy weight training (HWT) in combination with endurance training remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a concu...

The aim of the study was to examine the effects of two different training programs (high-intensity-training vs. continuous endurance training) on aerobic power and body composition in recreationally active men and women and to test whether or not participants were able to complete a half marathon after the intervention period. Thirty-four recreational endurance runners were randomly assigned ei...

BACKGROUND Increased cardiac lipid content has been associated with diabetic cardiomyopathy. We recently showed that cardiac lipid content is reduced after 12 weeks of physical activity training in healthy overweight subjects. The beneficial effect of exercise training on cardiovascular risk is well established and the decrease in cardiac lipid content with exercise training in healthy overweig...

Background. Oropharyngeal receptors signal presence of carbohydrate to the brain. Mouth rinses with a carbohydrate solution facilitate corticomotor output and improve time-trial performance in well-trained subjects in a fasted state. We tested for this effect in nonathletic subjects in fasted and nonfasted state. Methods. 13 healthy non-athletic males performed 5 tests on a cycle ergometer. Aft...

BACKGROUND Right atrial (RA) size is important in screening, diagnosis, and follow-up assessment in patients with pulmonary hypertension. The objective of this study was to define normal reference values for RA area by echocardiography in a large population of athletic versus sedentary healthy subjects. METHODS AND RESULTS In the first part of the study, 880 healthy adult subjects (mean age, ...

We tested the hypothesis that regular endurance exercise prevents the age-related decline in insulin action typically observed in healthy, sedentary adults. An index of whole body insulin sensitivity (ISI), obtained from minimal model analysis of insulin and glucose concentrations during a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, was determined in 126 healthy adults: 25 young [27 ...