A Time to Digit Converter (TDC), which can achieve resolution 50-60 picoseconds, is integrated on a single FPGA. Implementing a TDC on an FPGA provides not only higher precision and shorter dead time compared to traditional methods, but also higher scale of integration. As the system can be integrated into single chip, it is especially suitable for portable and satellite-borne system. Besides, ...

This paper will demonstrate how a time-to-digital converter (TDC) with sub-nanosecond resolution can be implemented into an 8-bit microcontroller using so called "direct" methods. This means that a TDC is created using only five bidirectional digital input-output-pins of a microcontroller and a few passive components (two resistors, a capacitor, and a diode). We will demonstrate how a TDC for t...

In this paper, a high-resolution time-to-digital converter (TDC) based on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) device is proposed and tested. During the implementation, a new architecture of TDC is proposed which consists of a measurement matrix with 1024 units. The utilization of routing resources as the delay elements distinguishes the proposed design from other existing designs, which cont...

We propose and demonstrate a 20-ps time-to-digital converter (TDC) realized in 90-nm digital CMOS. It is used as a phase/frequency detector and charge pump replacement in an all-digital phase-locked loop for a fully-compliant Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) transceiver. The TDC core is based on a pseudodifferential digital architecture that makes it insensitive to nMOS and pMOS tr...

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has been shown to be related to many adaptive cognitive and behavioral functions. However, its precise functions are still elusive, particularly in developmental psychiatric disorders. The present study aims at investigating associations between polysomnographic (PSG) REM sleep measurements and neurobehavioral functions in children with common developmental psychi...

Since the discovery of the anticancer activity of titanocene dichloride (TDC), many derivatives have been developed and evaluated. MKT4, a soluble, water-stable formulation of TDC, was used for both Phase I and Phase II human clinical trials. This formulation is investigated here by using (1)H and (13)C NMR, FT-ICR mass spectrometry, and UV/vis-detected pH-dependent speciation. DFT calculations...

Dendritic cells (DCs) belong to the immune system and are particularly studied for their potential to direct either an activated or tolerogenic immune response. The roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in posttranscriptional gene expression regulation are being increasingly investigated. This study's aim is to evaluate the miRNAs' expression changes in prepared human immature (iDCs), activated (aDCs), a...

This paper proposes a robust control strategy for uncertain LTI systems. The strategy is based on an uncertainty and disturbance estimator (UDE). It brings similar performance as the time-delay control (TDC). The advantages over TDC are: (i) no delay is introduced into the system; (ii) there are no oscillations in the control signal; and (iii) there is no need of measuring the derivatives of th...