Light pollution can be rigorously described in terms of the volume concentration anthropogenic photons (light quanta) terrestrial atmosphere. This formulation, consistent with basic physics emission, scattering and absorption light, allows one to express light levels particle concentrations, a completely analogous way as it is currently done other classical pollutants, like particulate matter o...

1 We compiled from literature annually integrated air-water fluxes of carbon 2 dioxide (CO2) computed from field measurements, in 20 coastal European 3 environments that were gathered into 3 main ecosystems: inner estuaries, upwelling 4 continental shelves and non-upwelling continental shelves. The comparison of annual 5 cycles of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in 5 contrasting continental ...

The productivity of terrestrial vegetation is determined by a multitude drivers between the land surface and atmosphere. Water availability critical for productivity, but verti...

GPS radio occultation (RO) signals are highly coherent and precise, and thus sufficient for holographic investigation of the atmosphere, ionosphere, and the Earth’s surface from space. In principle, three-dimensional radio-holographic remote sensing is possible by using new radio holographic equations to retrieve the radio field within the atmosphere from a radio field known at some interface o...

Introduction: The Earth is the only planet to harbor life, as we know so far. Adequate amount of water and atmosphere on the Earth has been thought to be essential for the emerge and evolution of life [1]. Therefore, investigating the origin and formation of ocean and atmosphere on the Earth is important, and it would answer the questions why we are here and whether or not another life exists i...

Understanding the balance between incoming radiation from the Sun and outgoing radiation from Earth is of critical importance in the study of climate change on Earth. As the only natural satellite of Earth, the Moon is a unique platform for the study of the disk-wide radiation budget of Earth. There are no complications from atmosphere, hydrosphere, or biosphere on the Moon. The nearside of the...

A Monte Carlo simulation of primary protons and alpha particles interacting with the atmosphere has been performed using the GEANT4 code. Measured particle fluxes were used as input to the simulation. The simulated terrestrial cosmic ray flux was found to agree within a factor of two with the measured neutron flux over the energy range from 1 to 10,000 MeV and with the measured muon flux in the...