A t-ruling set of a graph G = (V,E) is a vertex-subset S ⊆ V that is independent and satisfies the property that every vertex v ∈ V is at a distance of at most t from some vertex in S. A maximal independent set (MIS) is a 1-ruling set. The problem of computing an MIS on a network is a fundamental problem in distributed algorithms and the fastest algorithm for this problem is the O(logn)-round a...

We study the formation of a ruling coalition in non-democratic societies where institutions do not enable political commitments. Each individual is endowed with a level of political power. The ruling coalition consists of a subset of the individuals in the society and decides the distribution of resources. A ruling coalition needs to contain enough powerful members to win against any alternativ...

BACKGROUND To select a proper diagnostic test, it is recommended that the most specific test be used to confirm (rule in) a diagnosis, and the most sensitive test be used to establish that a disease is unlikely (rule out). These rule-in and rule-out concepts can also be characterized by the likelihood ratio (LR). However, previous papers discussed only the case of binary tests and assumed test ...

5G technology is spreading extremely quickly. Many services, including Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP), have utilized the features of to improve their performance. VoIP service gradually ruling telecommunication sector due its various advantages (e.g., free calls). However, wastes a substantial share network’s bandwidth lengthy packet header. For instance, header from and channel time reach...

among others internal, regional, international, political, economic, technical, social and cultural factors are reasons that theorists introduce for beginning of integration at a region. by looking at the functions of the shanghai cooperation organization and the association of southeast asian nations (asean), we understand that there are two basic pragmatic factors, the support of the great po...

This study introduces a new data set on personalism in ruling parties across the world’s democracies. We conceptualize party as extent to which are vehicles advance leaders’ personal political careers such that leader has more control over than do other senior elites and compare this concept with related ones. After describing measurement strategy demonstrating reliability validity, we show glo...