Introduction: Educational psychology researchers have examined learning from different perspectives and their findings for explaining learning phenomena have led to different theories.Each of these theories can provide principles, rules, and specific requirements for classrooms.This study aimed to provide some examples of applications of learning theories in public health. Methods: Some databa...

The two theories of “ideal observer” and “divine command” are theories on constructionism and voluntarism. According to the ideal theory, ethical realities are defined based on the attitudes of the assumed ideal observers and the foundation of these theories is formed on negation of the independent ethical realities. Therefore, existence of independent and evident ethical realities based on whi...