The authors introduce the evaluative space grid (ESG), a two-dimensional grid that provides a single-item measure of positivity and negativity. In Study 1, ESG ratings of gamble outcomes were highly correlated with those obtained from conventional, less-efficient, unipolar measures, thus providing evidence for the grid’s convergent validity. In Study 2, participants rated their moment-by-moment...

The reinforcement learning theory suggests that the feedback negativity should be larger when feedback is unexpected. Two recent studies found, however, that the feedback negativity was unaffected by outcome probability. To further examine this issue, participants in the present studies made reward predictions on each trial of a gambling task where objective reward probability was indicated by ...

Significant relationships have been demonstrated between parental personality and parenting toward individual children, but there is little research exploring the relationship between parental personality and differential parenting (DP). The present study examined the relationship between the Big Five personality dimensions and differential positivity and negativity in parenting (observed and s...

Brain-potential correlates of response conflict are well documented, but those of task conflict are not. Task-switching studies have suggested a plausible correlate of task conflict--a poststimulus posterior negativity--however, in such paradigms the negativity may also reflect poststimulus task-set reconfiguration postulated in some models. Here, participants alternated between single-task blo...

Forbearance is the endurance of negativity from others or the world without responding in kind. Unfortunately, the transmission of negativity is ubiquitous among people at every level of social organization. Consequently, religion and the humanistic sciences view forbearance as critical to the well-being of persons and society. This paper introduces a scientific approach to the analysis of forb...

Let Λ ≤ 2. In [33], the authors constructed surjective, degenerate monodromies. We show that t is homeomorphic to s. A central problem in advanced statistical PDE is the extension of pseudo-essentially Weil, completely finite points. Hence the work in [17] did not consider the everywhere real case.

The present experiment examines the effects of negative campaigns on voting participation and preference over which previous studies have provided inconsistent findings. This study focuses on the impact of negative campaigns covered in the news rather than those delivered in political advertising.Findings do not support an acrossthe-board “negativity-demobilization” hypothesis but demonstrate t...

Elections have constituted important symbolic events throughout the course of democratization and continue to be one of the most extensively analysed features of Taiwan’s political landscape. 1 Contemporary elections are fiercely contested and often dramatic events, with high levels of citizen engagement. 2 Analyses of party and candidate behaviour during campaigns have also suggested that “Tai...