For a strongly coupled system that has gravity dual description, we show the standard holographic dictionary yields nonnegative susceptibility when is in thermodynamic equilibrium and correlation function absolutely integrable. When no spontaneous condensation or $\mathbb{Z}_2$-symmetry breaking, find ``trace energy condition" violated many cases. There normalized grand potential density monoto...

Evolution of non-equilibrium systems towards equilibrium is governed by the second law of thermodynamics. For example, in the previous section we showed that for an adia­ batically isolated system entropy must increase in any spontaneous change and reaches a maximum in equilibrium. What about out of equilibrium systems that are not adiabati­ cally isolated and which may also be subject to exter...

Evolution of non-equilibrium systems towards equilibrium is governed by the second law of thermodynamics. For example, in the previous section we showed that for an adiabatically isolated system entropy must increase in any spontaneous change and reaches a maximum in equilibrium. What about out of equilibrium systems that are not adiabatically isolated and which may also be subject to external ...

in this research, the activity of mno, produced during steel making in aluminate-rich slags, was investigated.according to thermodynamic equations and mathematical calculation, a series of relations was obtained forevaluation of oxide activity using masson’s theory. the obtained relations were solved according to levenberg- marquardt method and using matlab software. the results were correlated...

This special issue is entirely devoted to the experimental determination of Boltzmann’s constant k (also frequently noted kB to avoid the confusion with an electromagnetic wave vector modulus). Named after Ludwig Boltzmann, Austrian physicist of the XIXth century [1844–1906], this fundamental constant acts as a conversion factor from thermodynamic temperature to energy. More precisely, it has b...

Using Hartree–Fock (HF) and ِِDensity Functional Theory (DFT) calculations the thermodynamic properties such as thermal energy , , thermal enthalpy , , thermal entropy , , thermal Gibbs free energy , , heat capacity ,Cv, and molecular structures of several species involving in keto↔enol tautomerism related to acetaldehyde (A), 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (dimedone) and  acetylacetone (AA) h...

Introduction Thermodynamic non-ideality can lead to serious problems in terms of the analysis of macromolecular behaviour in solution, particularly in molar mass and mass action measurements based on the principles of thermodynamic equilibrium. The term ‘molar mass’ (in g/mol) favoured by the physical chemist is of course equivalent to the molecular mass in daltons, and by ‘mass action’ we mean...

Objective (s): The present study aimed to assess the adsorption of fullerene C24 with Melphalan anticancer agent in a solvent phase (water) at the B3LYP/6-31G (d) theoretical level.Materials and Methods: Initially, the structures of Melphalan and fullerene complexes were optimized in four configurations. Afterwards, IR calculations and molecular orbital analysis were performed. In addition, som...