If a random variable X is indexed to time, usually denoted by t, the observations {Xt, t ∈ T} is called a time series, where T is a time index set (for example, T = Z, the integer set). Time series data are very common in empirical economic studies. Figure 1 plots some frequently used variables. The upper left figure plots the quarterly GDP from 1947 to 2001; the upper right figure plots the th...

spatio-temporal variability of throughfall (tf) has an important role on the biogeochemical processes,soil, watershed hydrology as well as the nutrient cycle in forests. spatial distribution and temporalstability of tf patterns by five individual persian oak trees (quercus brantii var. persica) in thezagros forests of western iran, ilam, was quantified. sixteen tf manual gauges were placed bene...

in order to determination of partitioning n fertilizer by using of leaf color chart (lcc) and chlorophyll meter (spad) in rice an experiment was conducted as split plot under randomized complete block design with three replications during 2006 and 2007 at rice research institute of iran. main plots were contained cultivars in three levels (grh1, khazar and hashemi) and sub plots were contained ...

Microplot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of inoculum level and time of application of Paecilomyces lilacinus on the protection of tomato against MeIoidogyne incognita. The best protection against M. incognita was attained with 10 and 20 g of fungus-infested wheat kernels per microplot which resulted in a threefold and fourfold increase in tomato yield, respectively, compared...

Recently airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) has emerged as a highly accurate remote sensing modality to be used in operational scale forest inventories. Inventories conducted with the help of LiDAR are most often model-based, i.e. they use variables derived from LiDAR point clouds as the predictive variables that are to be calibrated using field plots. The measurement of the necessary...

Many engineered barriers are expected to function for hundreds of years or longer. Over the course of time, it is likely that some barriers will experience infiltration to the point of breakthrough. This study compares the recovery from breakthrough of two storage-evapotranspiration type engineered barriers. Replicates of test plots comprising thick soil and capillary-biobarrier covers were wet...

To analyze computer systems or compare them to one another, measurements are taken as the program runs. This is called a performance trace, and it can involve large amounts of time series data. Currently, statistical tools are used for analysis but this approach loses information by ignoring the ordered nature of the data. We propose improving computer performance metrics by viewing the compute...

Traditional box plots, described by Tukey in 1977, can be biased representations of geographic or spatial variables, since they do not take into account the areas associated with the elements of geographic variables. To help solve this problem, we propose and evaluate a spatially (areally) weighted box plot, a “geographic box plot,” that can be used to describe a wide variety of geographic vari...