Deflectometric methods have existed for more than a decade for slope measurement of specular freeform surfaces through utilization of the deformation of a sample pattern after reflection from a test surface. Usually, these approaches require two-directional fringe patterns to be projected on a LCD screen or ground glass and require slope integration, which leads to some complexity for the whole...

Biodiversity monitoring is increasingly being bolstered with high resolution data derived from remote sensing such as LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging). We derived a series of topographical variables, including slope, azimuth, ground curvature and flow accumulation from LIDAR images and compared these to captures of female carabids in pitfall traps in Eastern boreal mixedwood forests. We deve...

While designed for ocean observation, scatterometer and radiometer data have proven very useful in a variety of cryosphere studies. Over large regions of Antarctica, ice sheet and bedrock topography and the snow deposition, drift, and erosional environment combine to produce roughness on various scales. Roughness ranges from broad, basin scale ice-sheet topography at 100 km wavelengths, to larg...

[1] Rough topography on the ocean floor is a source of ocean mixing which is of interest to both physical oceanography and climate science. Most mixing has been attributed to high slopes of the large-scale structures of the deep ocean floor such as seamounts, continental margins, and mid-ocean ridge axes. In this paper, we show the small-scale but ubiquitous abyssal hills and fracture zones dom...

Recently, Armi and Riemenschneider (2008) improved the two-layer hydraulic theory and applied it to the co-located sill and contraction. The main goal in this study is to compare the new theory with a non-hydrostatic numerical model. To this end, the numerical model is employed for two different geometries. The first geometry is steep topography with co-located contraction and the second geomet...

Observations from 145 submersible dives are used to create a database of mid-ocean ridge scarp topography and lithology. Seafloor lithologies are classified into extrusives, basaltic talus, dykes, gabbros and serpentinites, and the dive locations are broadly classified according to whether they are close to transform valleys and as a function of ridge spreading rate. The database is used to det...

Any suggestion of altering the genetic makeup of human beings through gene therapy is quite likely to provoke a response involving some reference to a 'slippery slope'. In this article the author examines the topography of two different types of slippery slope argument, the logical slippery slope and the rhetorical slippery slope argument. The logical form of the argument suggests that if we pe...

Laboratory experiments are performed to examine gravity currents propagating into an ambient of uniformly decreasing depth. Predominantly, the study is of a surface gravity current shoaling over a bottom slope as it approaches a corner between the horizontal surface and the sloping topography. For sufficiently high Reynolds number currents, they are found to propagate at a constant speed over t...

The disease environment could help explain underdevelopment in Africa. This paper shows that local malaria risk is associated with worse local development outcomes. Combining an Ethiopian household survey with satellite-derived topographical information, the paper shows that malaria incidence is correlated with village elevation, slope, and their interaction. That is, malaria is sensitive to el...

[1] The topography of inland deltas is influenced by the water‐sediment balance in distributary channels and local evaporation and seepage rates. In this letter a reduced complexity model is applied to simulate inland delta formation, and results are compared with the Okavango Delta, Botswana and with a laboratory experiment. We show that water loss in inland deltas produces fundamentally diffe...