This paper studies the market microstructure of pre-industrial Europe. In particular we investigate the institution of the broker in markets and fairs, and develop a unique data set of approximately 1100 sets of brokerage rules in 42 merchant towns in Central and Western Europe from the late 13th to the end of the 17th century. We show that towns implemented brokerage as an e¢ cient matchmaking...

STEP System conventional gravity sewer system (like those used in large towns and cities) and a centralized wastewater treatment plant is the most cost-effective and environmentally-sound way to collect, transport, and treat the wastewater. In more sparsely populated areas, where lot sizes are large and homes are spaced widely apart, onsite wastewater treatment with subsurface discharge may be ...

Differences in Employment Outcomes for College Town Stayers and Leavers Areas surrounding colleges and universities are often able to build their local stock of human capital by retaining recent graduates in the area after they finish their education. This paper classifies 41 U.S. metropolitan areas as “college towns” and investigates differences in employment outcomes between college graduates...

An n-town, n ∈ N, is a group of n buildings, each occupying a distinct position on a 2-dimensional integer grid. If we measure the distance between two buildings along the axis-parallel street grid, then an n-town has optimal shape if the sum of all pairwise Manhattan distances is minimized. This problem has been studied for cities, i.e., the limiting case of very large n. For cities, it is kno...

s Review Panel Chen Yu (Indiana University), Marty Mayberry (Saarland University) Ben Bergen (University of Hawaii at Manoa), Stefanie Kelter (Technical University of Berlin), Diane Pecher (Erasmus University Rotterdam), Seana Coulson (UCSD, USA), Marco Tettamanti (Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, Italy), Berry Claus (Saarland University, Germany), Yuki Kamide (University of Du...

This article defines the key parameters of ‘state entrepreneurialism’ as a governance form that combines planning centrality and market instruments, and interprets how these two seemingly contradictory tendencies are made coherent in the political economic structures of post-reform China. Through examining urban regeneration programmes (in particular ‘three olds regeneration’, sanjiu gaizao), t...

Until now there have been no national estimates of the extent of poverty in Britain at the turn of the 20 century. This paper introduces a newly-discovered household budget data set for the early 1900s that is more representative of urban working households in Britain in the period than any other existing record, although not without deficiencies. We use these data to estimate urban poverty amo...

The theory of hyperstructures has been introduced byMarty in 1934 during the 8th Congress of the Scandinavian Mathematicians [4]. Marty introduced the notion of a hypergroup and since then many researchers have worked on this new topic of modern algebra and developed it. The notion of a hyperfield and a hyperring was studied first by Krasner [2] and then some authors followed him, for example, ...

Decentralization reforms aim at strengthening democracy by promoting political participation among citizens. Research shows (1) that information is a prerequisite for political participation and (2) that people face different private costs in acquiring information. Here we combine the two lines of research and ask: what private costs hamper the acquisition of information on decentralization? Fo...