BACKGROUND Therapeutic electrical stimulation (TES) is a therapeutic strategy aimed at improving impairments of the upper extremity in stroke. OBJECTIVE Assessment of the available evidence on the effect of TES of the affected upper extremity in improving motor control and functional abilities after stroke. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed to identify randomized controll...

Transcranial electric stimulation (TES) is an emerging technique, developed to non-invasively modulate brain function. However, the spatiotemporal distribution of the intracranial electric fields induced by TES remains poorly understood. In particular, it is unclear how much current actually reaches the brain, and how it distributes across the brain. Lack of this basic information precludes a f...

The sleep loss (SL) are one of the important diseases that endanger health aging individuals. This study evaluated SL in individuals, and explored relationship between age organic changes affect brain sleep. causes individuals its harmful effects on them have been outlined. To enable choosing a suitable way to better, we also reviewed advantages disadvantages existing modulation based lifestyle...

Motor responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation OMS) or transcranial electrical stimulation (TCS) can be facilitated by a prior conditioning stimulus to an afferent nerve. Two facilitation periods are described short (SI), when the nerve stimulus is given near 0 to 10 ms after cranial stimulation, and long (LI), when nerve stimulation is given 25-60 ms before the cranial stimula...

Background: Recently, ultrasonic neuromodulation research has been an important and interesting issue. Ultrasonic neuromodulation is possible by the use of low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) to stimulate or inhibit the neural structures. The primary capability of this method is the improvement in the treatment progress of certain neurological and psychiatric disorders noninvas...

For >20 years, noninvasive transcranial stimulation techniques like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been used to induce neuroplastic-like effects in the human cortex, leading to the activity-dependent modification of synaptic transmission. Here, we introduce a novel method of electrical stimulation: transcranial random noise stimula...