As invading viruses do not harbor functional ribosomes in their virions, successful amplification of the viral genomes requires that viral mRNAs compete with cellular mRNAs for the host cell translation apparatus. Several RNA viruses have evolved remarkable strategies to recruit the host translation initiation factors required for the first steps in translation initiation by host cell mRNAs. Th...

Translation and mRNA decay are coupled processes; the link is most obvious in the case of NMD (nonsense-mediated mRNA decay). NMD is a mechanism that drastically reduces the level of mRNA harbouring PTCs (premature translation termination codons). The defining event in NMD is premature translation termination and the key question is: what distinguishes premature from normal translation terminat...

Review of Lydia Zeldenrust's "The Mélusine Romance in Medieval Europe: Translation, Circulation, and Material Contexts" by Angela Weisl.

in this article the possible effects of the translation technologies on the critical thinking and translation ability of the students of the translation studies would be studied through a pre-experimental method of research. the participants of this research were thirty one iranian senior translation studies students at the age group of 20-26 who were selected based on their age, educational le...

Ever since the incipient of computers and the very first introduction of artificial intelligence, machine translation has been a target goal — or better said, a dream that at some point in the past deemed impossible (ALPAC 1966). The problem that machine translation aims to solve is very simple: given a document/sentence in a source language, produce its equivalent in the target language. This ...

The goal of machine translation (MT) is to use a computer system to translate a text written in a source language (e.g., Chinese) into a target language (e.g., English). In this section, we will give an overview of translation models that are widely used in state-of-the-art statistical machine translation (SMT) systems. A nice textbook that provides a comprehensive review is Koehn (2010). Altho...

This review is occasioned by the fact that the problem of translation, which has simmered on the biological sidelines for the last 40 years, is about to erupt center stage--thanks to the recent spectacular advances in ribosome structure. This most complex, beautiful, and fascinating of cellular mechanisms, the translation apparatus, is also the most important. Translation not only defines gene ...

It has long been known that protein synthesis is inhibited in neurological disorders. Protein synthesis includes protein transcription and translation. While many studies about protein transcription have been done in the last decade, we are just starting to understand more about the impact of protein translation. Protein translation control can be accomplished at the initiation or elongation st...

Review of Leo Tak-hung Chan (2020). Western Theory in East Asian Contexts. Translation and Transtextual Rewriting. Bloomsbury Academic, xi + 226 pp.

Since accurate translation from mRNA to protein is critical to survival, cells have developed translational quality control systems. Bacterial ribosomes stalled on truncated mRNA are rescued by a system involving tmRNA and SmpB referred to as trans-translation. Here, we review current understanding of the mechanism of trans-translation. Based on results obtained by using directed hydroxyl radic...