Restraining is essential to many wildlife research and management programs. In an Argentine Pampas area, we studied the trapping success for the pampas fox Pseudalopex gymnocercus. We compared the capture efficiency (captures/trap days), species selectivity (fox captures/all captures), trap reliability (fox captures/fox visits), and malfunction rate (disturbed traps/trap days, of three restrain...

Appendix 1. Content knowledge and skills assessment questions forPOB (BIOL 1108K, Principles of Biology II). Content knowledge and skills were assessed with pre-exposure (beginning of semester) and post-exposure (end of semester) tests.* indicates correct answer. Content area Question Taxonomy Which definition best describes a species? a. A group of similar looking organisms that live in the sa...

We demonstrate trapping a single rubidium atom in a blue detuned optical bottle beam trap. The trap was formed by a strongly focused blue detuned laser beam, which passes through a computer-generated circular pi phase hologram displayed on a spatial light modulator. Single atoms were loaded from a magneto-optical trap and stored in the optical trap for several seconds.

The role of odors in mosquito host preferences was studied in a village near Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Two odor-baited entry-traps were put beside one another and a choice of host odor-laden air was blown out of them. Odors of a human and a calf (of similar mass) were drawn from two tents in which each was separately concealed. Allowances were made for trap position, differences in human-subje...

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a highly attractive plant host to Lygus spp. and is used as a trap crop in California organic strawberries to influence the dispersion and dispersal of these pests, particularly Lygus hesperus Knight. The abundance and distribution of Lygus spp. nymphs between two trap crops separated by 50 strawberry rows was analyzed in 2008 and 2010. Nymphs demonstrated a bimo...

Fluorescence from Cs atoms in a magneto-optical trap is detected under conditions of very low atomic density. Discrete steps are observed in the fluorescent signal versus time and are associated with the arrival and departure of individual trapped atoms. Histograms of the frequency of occurrence of a given level of fluorescence exhibit a series of uniformly spaced peaks that are attributed to t...

Optical traps have been used in a multitude of applications requiring the sensing and application of forces. However, optical traps also have the ability to accurately apply and sense torques. Birefringent particles experience a torque when trapped in elliptically polarized light. By measuring the frequency content of the exiting beam, the rotational rates can be set up in a feedback loop and a...

We present dark and antidark diffraction-free beams and discuss their properties. We show that all such beams must be partially spatially coherent. The new beams can be used for optical trapping of atoms.

We describe a way to determine the total angular momentum, both spin and orbital, transferred to a particle trapped in optical tweezers. As an example an LG(02) mode of a laser beam with varying degrees of circular polarisation is used to trap and rotate an elongated particle with a well defined geometry. The method successfully estimates the total optical torque applied to the particle. For th...

Complex three-dimensional patterns of multifunctional optical traps can be encoded in phase-only computer-generated holograms and projected with the holographic optical trapping technique. The trap-forming holograms, in turn, are implemented as diffractive optical elements whose phase transfer functions generally do not faithfully reproduce the design. We demonstrate that phase encoding errors ...