Biological materials achieve directional reinforcement with oriented assemblies of anisotropic building blocks. One such example is the nanocomposite structure of keratinized epithelium on the toe pad of tree frogs, in which hexagonal arrays of (soft) epithelial cells are crossed by densely packed and oriented (hard) keratin nanofibrils. Here, a method is established to fabricate arrays of tree...

Complex courtships have been described for neotropical frogs, but detailed quantifications of calls emitted during this behavior are still rare. Herein, we describe the courtship call Bokermannohyla ibitiguara, a gladiator tree frog from Brazilian Cerrado, as well female courtship, and clutch characteristics. Moreover, statistically compare acoustic parameters advertisement calls. We observed t...

Green tree frogs, Litoria caerulea, in the wet-dry tropics of northern Australia remain active during the dry season with apparently no available water and temperatures that approach their lower critical temperature. We hypothesized that this surprising activity might be because frogs that are cooled during nighttime activity gain water from condensation by returning to a warm, humid tree hollo...

Rhabdias kongmongthaensis sp. n. is described based on specimens found in the lungs of the tree frog Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst) (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae) from Kanchanaburi Province, western Thailand. The new species is similar to two North-American species, Rhabdias ranae and R. americanus, by presence of two lateral pseudolabia, each with two inner submedian protuberances. R. kongmo...

A new tree frog of the genus Rhacophorus is described on the basis of specimens collected from Kalasin and Roi Et Provinces, eastern Thailand. It can be distinguished from all other congeners by the combination of: moderate body size (about 38 mm in males and 44 mm in females); brownish dorsum with irregular, dark marking; third finger webbed broadly to base of disk or less on outer side, and f...

Two species of Endangered Leaf-frogs, Agalychnis moreletii and Agalychnis annae, belonging to the tree frog Subfamily Phyllomedusinae, Genus Agalychnis, were hybridized for the first time whilst being maintained in captivity. Previous to this, these allopatric Central American species were considered as being distinctly separate. Crossbreeding following genetic analysis reveals that the two spe...

The life histories of many animals are characterized by niche shifts, the timing of which can strongly affect fitness. In the tree frog Agalychnis callidryas, which has arboreal eggs, there is a trade-off between predation risks before and after hatching. When eggs are attacked by snakes, tadpoles escape by hatching rapidly and falling into the water below. Eggs not attacked by snakes hatch lat...

The paper proposes shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) based on enhanced learning, which generates a virtual general centre frog that is related to the optimal frog of each memeplex. The algorithm can utilise the superior information of each memeplex, enhance the mutual learning and use the average centre of optimal frog. In the processing of evolution, the optimal frog of sub-memeplex learn...

The consumption of anurans by subsistence hunters in the Brazilian Amazon is unrecorded. Given this scenario, objective study to present first record White-lipped Frog region Rondônia. data were collected through interviews with two migrant from state Espírito Santo, currently residing municipality Itapuã do Oeste used consume white-lipped frog (possibly Leptodactylus latrans) their origin, and...