PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of bimatoprost 0.03% single treatment for 3 years on intraocular pressure (IOP) and visual field performance. METHODS We monitored the IOP of 62 patients with normal-tension glaucoma every 1-3 months. The Humphrey visual field test was performed every 6 months after treatment and the results obtained were compared to those before treatment. In addition, visual ...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of topical nipradilol monotherapy for 5 years on intraocular pressure, visual field performance, and optic disk topography. METHODS Thirty patients with normal tension glaucoma were monitored for intraocular pressure every 1-3 months. A Humphrey visual field test and measurement of optic disk configuration using the Heidelberg r...

introduction identification and analysis of time-series behavior of the climatic elements and processes upon them are the basic factors of climatology science and has an important role in management and environmental planning. in general, the behavior of climatic elements are observed in 3 form: trend, oscillation and fluctuation. these behaviors will help us to identify more the climate change...

Rating agencies claim to look through the cycle when assigning corporate credit ratings, which entails that they are able to separate trend components of default risk from transitory ones. To test whether agencies possess this competence, I take market-based estimates of one-year default probabilities of corporate bond issuers and estimate their long-run trend using the Hodrick-Prescott filter,...

We propose a new small area estimation approach that combines small area random effects with a smooth, nonparametrically specified trend. By using penalized splines as the representation for the nonparametric trend, it is possible to express the small area estimation problem as a mixed effect regression model. We show how this model can be fitted using existing model fitting approaches such as ...