Acetic acid is an essential industrial building block and can be produced by acetogenic bacteria from molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) carbon dioxide (CO ). When gasses are supplied as substrates, bioreactor design plays important role for their availability. Trickle-bed bioreactors (TBs) have enhanced gas-to-liquid mass transfer cells remain in the system forming a biofilm on carriers. So far, TBs be...

the determination of soil wetting front which caused by emitters is one of the important issues in designing trickle irrigation system. in this study, a mathematical model introduced in order to study the position of soil wetting front during irrigation by point emitters in homegenious soil in unsteady condition. the model solves governing differential equation of unsaturated flow in cylindrica...

Charging mechanisms are needed to protect an integrated services network from arbitrary resource reservations and to create a funding mechanism to extend network capacity at the most desired locations at the expense of those users that actually use these resources. In this paper, we describe a charging model that can be embedded in the RSVP architecture. Our model is open and flexible in that i...

In this paper, we propose a novel method of charging in a packet switched network. The idea is to redefine the network capacity as seen by individual packets. Then, based on this redefined capacity, each packet is to be charged a different amount depending upon the tarij% We have considered two simple network models to show that the variation of trafic load does indeed alter the way a packet is...