The work applies topology optimisation to the design of functionally graded materials (FGMs) and materialinterfaces for thermomechanical problems. It is well known, that the mismatch in stiffness and thermal expansioncoefficient of two materials give rise to high stresses at the interface. One way to alleviate this is to use the conceptof FGMs [1]. The FGMs are here designed using t...

An equivalent continuum model based on the Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka approach was employed to estimate the effective constitutive law for an elastic isotropic medium (i.e., the matrix) with oriented straight carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The two-dimensional generalized differential quadrature method was an efficient and accurate numerical tool for discretizing equations of motion and for implementing vari...

This paper presents a review of the principal developments in functionally graded materials (FGMs) with an emphasis on the recent work published since 2000. Diverse areas relevant to various aspects of theory and applications of FGM are reflected in this paper. They include homogenization of particulate FGM, heat transfer issues, stress, stability and dynamic analyses, testing, manufacturing an...

This paper presents a Galerkin-based meshless method for calculating stress-intensity factors (SIFs) for a stationary crack in two-dimensional functionally graded materials of arbitrary geometry. The method involves an element-free Galerkin method (EFGM), where the material properties are smooth functions of spatial coordinates and two newly developed interaction integrals for mixed-mode fractu...

This study develops a micromechanical damage model for two-phase functionally graded materials considering the interfacial debonding of particles and pair-wise interactions between particles. Given an applied mechanical loading, in the particle-matrix zones, the interactions from all other particles over the representative volume element are integrated to calculate the homogenized elastic field...

Presented in this paper is a novel additive manufacturing technology for making three-dimensional parts with functionally graded materials (FGMs), called Freeze-form Extrusion Fabrication (FEF). The system development included extruder modeling and control, composition gradient control for a tripleextruder mechanism, and motion code generation for a 3-axis positioning system. The effectiveness ...

This paper presents an overview on applications of HFS-FEM to functionally graded materials. Recent developments on the hybrid fundamental solution (HFS) based finite element model (FEM) of steady-state heat transfer, transient heat conduction, nonlinear heat transfer, and elastic problems of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are described. Formulations for all cases are derived by means of ...

Vapor-deposition techniques are emerging as an economical and flexible way of fabricating multiphase materials with spatially varying architectures. The aim of this work is to design architectures that exploit the concept of functional grading. We consider two basic problems; the first is the computation of the response of an infinite plate with a circular hole to a remote symmetric radial load...