Abstract There is currently no way to model the high-level structural design of a functional system. Given strong links between programming and mathematics, it hypothesised that language mathematics can provide insight into how system might be modelled. The approach successful both philosophy are used identify necessary modelling concepts briefly outline some notation alongside small case study.

Tri-level optimization problems are optimization problems with three nested hierarchical structures, where in most cases conflicting objectives are set at each level of hierarchy. Such problems are common in management, engineering designs and in decision making situations in general, and are known to be strongly NP-hard. Existing solution methods lack universality in solving these types of pro...

Configuration Programming, based on Architecture Description Languages, and Meta-Level Programming are considered promising approaches in the software engineering field. This paper shows that there is an immediate correspondence between some key concepts of Configuration Programming and Meta-Level Programming and that some of the main issues to be solved for their deployment in real systems are...

In this paper, a novel scenario-based two-level inventory control model with a limited budget is formulated. The demand during the selling period is considered to follow a uniform probability distribution. In addition, it is assumed that there will be some customers who are willing to wait for their demands to be satisfied; thus a service level is considered for these customers. The aim is to f...