Clostridial glucosylating cytotoxins inactivate mammalian Rho GTPases by mono-O glucosylation of a conserved threonine residue located in the switch 1 region of the target protein. Here we report that EhRho1, a RhoA-like GTPase from the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, is glucosylated by clostridial cytotoxins. Recombinant glutathione S-transferase-EhRho1 and EhRho1 from cell lysate of...

our aim was to evaluate the short and long term efficacy of botulinum toxin therapy in iranian patients with achalasia. in a randomized, double blind trial, 20 patients with achalasia, referring to imam khomeini hospital, received either 80 units of botulinum toxin (bt) or placebo (pl) from 1995 to 1998. two weeks later, the response to treatment was assessed on the basis of changes in the symp...

Introduction Up to 80% of post-stroke patients present upper-limb motor impairment (ULMI), causing functional limitations in daily activities and loss independence. UMLI is seldom fully recovered after stroke when using conventional therapeutic approaches. Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy (FEST) controlled by Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) an alternative that may induce neuroplastic ch...

Because O blood group has been associated with more severe cholera infections, it has been hypothesized that cholera toxin (CT) may bind non-O blood group antigens of the intestinal mucosae, thereby preventing efficient interaction with target GM1 gangliosides required for uptake of the toxin and activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling in target epithelia. Herein, we show ...

nigella sativa (n. sativa), which belongs to the botanical family of ranunculaceae, is a widely used medicinal plant all over the world. n. sativa seeds and oil have been used in the treatment of different diseases. various studies on n. sativa have been carried out and a broad spectrum of its pharmacological actions have been established which include antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, ant...

Dutch elm disease (DED) is a destructive tracheomycosis caused by Ophiostoma novo-ulmi , an ascomycete probably originating in East-Asia that devastating natural populations throughout Europe, North America and Asia. The fungus mainly spread bark beetles complete their life cycle between healthy diseased elms. Recently, it has been highlighted some fungi of the genus Geosmithia which are simila...

A Gram-positive, short, rod-shaped, cream-coloured actinobacterium, designated MSL-04(T), was isolated from a soil sample collected from an agricultural field on Bigeum Island (Republic of Korea) and was subjected to polyphasic characterization to unravel its taxonomic position. The optimum growth temperature and pH were 28-30 degrees C and pH 7.2-7.4. Chemotaxonomic characteristics such as B2b...

Clonal organisms with occasional sex are important for our general understanding of the costs and benefits that maintain sexual reproduction. Cyclically parthenogenetic aphids are highly variable in their frequency of sexual reproduction. However, studies have mostly focused on free-living aphids above ground, whereas dispersal constraints and dependence on ant-tending may differentially affect...

Current approaches in schema mapping and matching focus on pair-wise comparison of schemas. This chapter gives an overview of how n-way comparison of schemas via a unified data model for large-scale multi-schema integration (ULMI) can benefit to schema matching and mapping processes. The approach integrates a set of input schemas into one comprehensive representation. Thus, a unified data model...