XBP1 is a key transcription factor that regulates the mammalian unfolded protein response. Its expression is regulated by unconventional mRNA splicing that is carried out by endonuclease IRE1 and a specific, as yet unknown, RNA ligase in response to the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER. Conventional mRNA splicing occurs only in the nucleus, but it has remained unclear whether unconve...

Researchers in China have tended not to distinguish between conventional and unconventional oil, leading to inaccuracies in their estimates of future oil production. The purpose of this paper is to make an accurate estimate of the pattern of China’s future oil production, by properly distinguishing between these oil types. We make our analysis by treating conventional oil as a single category, ...

Sea urchin coelomocytes undergo an inducible structural transformation from petalloid to filopodial form during the 'clotting' response in sea urchins. Using a petalloid coelomocyte model, stimulated coelomocytes exhibited bidirectional particle/vesicle motility with a broad distribution of velocities, ranging from 0.02 to 0.12 microns s-1 in the outward bound direction. Coelomocytes treated wi...

the aims of this study were to evaluate the treatment efficiency and effectiveness of vetiveria zizaniodesof two samples of unconventional water of golgohar mining and industrial company. the experimental samples were included mine wastewater and saline ground water. this research was conducted in a greenhouse at central water research laboratory of university of tehran. this experiment was des...

With the rapid depletion of conventional natural gas resources in China and the increasing demand for natural gas as well as the improvement in the exploitation technologies of natural gas, the development of unconventional natural gas resources is rather urgent and feasible day by day and possible at the same time. However, the development of unconventional natural gas fields in China started ...

Recent reports show growing reserves of unconventional gas are available and that there is an appetite from policy makers, industry, and others to better understand the GHG impact of exploiting reserves such as shale gas. There is little publicly available data comparing unconventional and conventional gas production. Existing studies rely on national inventories, but it is not generally possib...

This study addresses several questions concerning the peaking of conventional oil production from an optimist’s perspective. Is the oil peak imminent? What is the range of uncertainty? What are the key determining factors? Will a transition to unconventional oil undermine or strengthen OPEC’s influence over world oil markets? These issues are explored using a model combining alternative world e...

In this special issue we present a selection of papers from the Symposium on Natural/Unconventional Computing and its Philosophical Significance, held during the AISB/IACAP 2012 World Congress in Birmingham (UK). This article is an editorial, introducing the special issue of the journal with the selected papers and the research program of Natural/Unconventional Computing.

Classical computing has well-established formalisms forspecifying, refining, composing, proving, and otherwise reasoningabout computations. These formalisms have matured over the past70 years or so.Unconventional Computing includes the use novel kinds of sub-strates – from black holes and quantum effects, through to chem-icals, biomolecules, even slime moulds – to perfor...