The death rate among chronic kidney disease patients is the highest compared to other chronic diseases. 60% of these fatalities are cardiovascular. Cardiovascular calcifications and chronic inflammation affect almost all chronic kidney disease patients and are associated with cardiovascular mortality. Fibroblast growth factor 23 is associated with vascular calcification. Systemic inflammation i...

A growing body of research suggests that anemia is independently associated with morbidity and mortality in the general population as well as in patients with chronic diseases where the prevalence of anemia is high (1-4). Anemia prognosis depends on the underlying cause of the anemia. However, the severity of the anemia, its etiology, and the rapidity with which it develops can each play a sign...

Cystic kidney diseases affect patients of all age groups with the onset spanning from prenatal disease to late adulthood. Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is by far the most common renal cystic disease. However, there are various cystic kidney diseases, the onset of which occurs at different times in life and depends on the type of the disease and the causative genes involve...

It is becoming increasingly more evident that accelerated atherosclerosis is a serious problem in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), with more patients dying prematurely from cardiovascular related diseases than progressing to end stage renal disease. A literature review was conducted to investigate the role of both traditional and non-traditional risk factors of atherosclerosis in the...

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a public health problem worldwide. This narrative Review provides an overview of the current literature to support notion that NAFLD multisystem disease. Convincing evidence shows strong association between and risk developing multiple extrahepatic complications such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular (ie, predominant cause mortality in people with N...

ABSTRACT The cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is described as a multi-organ disease encompassing bidirectionally heart and kidney. In CRS type 4, chronic kidney (CKD) leads to cardiac injury. Different pathological mechanisms have been identified contribute the establishment of CKD-induced cardiomyopathy, including neurohormonal dysregulation, disturbances in mineral metabolism an accumulation uremic...

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) with renal tubular obstruction by red blood cell casts (RBCC) has been described in patients treated with warfarin and is known as warfarin-related nephropathy (WRN). Methods: To determine whether other vitamin K antagonists (VKA) cause WRN, we retrospectively collected and analyzed the clinical and histological data of 13 patients treated with different VK...