This paper examines the interplay of policy options and cost-effective technology in providing sustainable distance education. A case study has been conducted among the learners and teachers. The emergence of learning technologies through CD, internet, and mobile is increasingly adopted by distance institutes for quick delivery and cost-effective factors. Their sustainability is conditioned by ...

During the first three decades of the People’s Republic of China, income differences across social classes were compressed. Formal education was not an important determinant of personal income. In this study, there was no difference in income between white-collar and blue-collar families, although white-collar parents had more education than blue-collar parents. In urban China, where population...

A multivariate regression analysis shows that per capita expenditure has a negative effect on fertility, but large changes in per capita expenditure are needed to generate a substantial impact on the expected number of children per woman. Also women’s educational attainment is estimated to decrease fertility, both in rural and urban areas, particularly after schooling reaches the secondary leve...

BACKGROUND Good infant growth is important for future health. Assessing growth is common in pediatric care all over the world, both at the population and individual level. There are few studies of birth weight and growth studies comparing urban and rural communities in Vietnam. The first aim is to describe and compare the birth weight distributions and physical growth (weight and length) of chi...

Objective: Screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) can reduce disease incidence, morbidity, and mortality. However, few studies have investigated the urban-rural differences in social and behavioral factors influencing CRC screening. The objective of the study was to investigate the potential factors across urban-rural groups on the usage of CRC screening. Methods: A total of 38,505 adults (aged ...

This study provides the first set of empirical evidence on the determinants of social benefits received by urban families in China and the impact on income inequality using the China Household Income Project (CHIP) 1988 and 2002 data. It finds that the total urban social benefits strongly targeted the bottom pre-tax pre-transfer income decile. Cash transfers were negatively associated with inco...

An epidemiological survey was carried out to ascertain the reasons and the factors that contribute to dental extractions in a rural and an urban population of Saudi Arabia. A total of 820 individuals (400 in an urban area and 420 in a rural area) aged between 20 and 80 years were included in the study. Eight dentists in the region obtained personal and demographic data and clinical details from...

BACKGROUND In India, where men take most decisions in the family, it is useful that they have adequate knowledge about pregnancy risks during women's menstrual cycles. Since traditional contraceptive methods are still employed by a large population in India, the knowledge regarding the pregnancy risk during the menstrual cycle is indispensable. This research paper attempts to assess the knowled...

The urban environment is an important determinant of health. Health impact assessment is a tool for systematic analysis of the health consequences of urban development and management. This paper identifies key considerations, including opportunities for physical activity, food access and local economic development. Time use by urban residents has health implications. The schedule for infrastruc...

BACKGROUND Immunization and appropriate health-seeking behavior are effective strategies to reduce child deaths. OBJECTIVES To compare maternal knowledge about immunization, use of growth chart and childhood health-seeking behavior in rural and urban areas. METHODS A cross-sectional comparative study done in Lagos, Nigeria. Questionnaire survey and focus group discussions were done. 300 res...