background: to study the prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence in tribal women and to assess the treatment seeking behavior of affected women. methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in khardi, a tribal village, selected by random sampling, in thane district, maharashtra, india during the period october 2010 to january 2011. all women aged 20 years and above wer...

introduction: toluene is an organic solvent that it is one of the byproducts in the coke industry. exposure to toluene causes central nervous system dysfunction and others disorders. many workers are exposed to toluene due to leakage from tracks. therefore the aim of this study was to determine the levels of exposure through environmental and biological monitoring of toluene methods: air toluen...

nephrotic syndrome is the commonest glomerular disease. typical symptoms could be proteinuria, low serum albumin and oedema. the mechanism of proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome is a defective glomerular filtration barrier. renal biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome currently which is invasive and based on histopathological features, therefore it seems to be necessary to...

conclusions in this study, like previous researches, e. coli was the most common pathogen. our results suggested a high rate of antibiotic resistance to common antibiotics for treatment of uti. because of the high resistance to cephalexin, cefotaxime and co-trimoxazole, their use is not recommended for treatment of utis. imipenem and vancomycin were the most active drugs against e. coli and sta...

urolithiasis has become a worldwide problem with the prevalence of the disease increasing over the past few decades. while various treatment modalities have evolved over the years, discrepancies exist regarding the clinical indications and the efficacy of each of these treatment options. in the present review, we aim to review the current treatment modalities for urinary tract stones to provide...

background overweight and obesity have become a global public health over the last decades. obesity has been suggested to be a risk factor for some infections, but studies often showed controversial findings. few studies examined the relationship between body mass index (bmi) and urinary tract infection (uti), showing inconsistent results. objectives the purpose of this study was to determine t...

discussion: the present case demonstrates that the uropathogenic e. hermanii clone can cause destruction of the kidneys. during asymptomatic bacteriuria or cystitis, the bacteria remain in the urinary tract. even when pyelonephritis develops, inflammatory response of the host is still restricted to the urinary tract. these signs mean that uropathogenic e. hermanii may be not very virulent. intr...

objective: to find shortest and reliable time period of urine collection for determination of proteinuria. materials and methods: it is a prospective study carried out on 125 pregnant women with preeclampsia after 20 weeks of gestation having urine albumin >1 using dipstick test. urine was collected in five different time intervals in colors labeled containers with the assistance of nursing sta...

objective: to assess the relationship between maternal uti during pregnancy and neonatal uti. materials and methods: this cross-sectional study included eighty neonates referred to ali-e-asghar hospital, tehran, iran, in 2011. the participants were divided into the study (with diagnosis of uti; n = 40) and the control (without this type of infection; n = 40) groups. the mothers were asked about...

the effect of the mollusciciding of 364 different snail habitat with bayer 73 (bayluscide), undertaken during the period january 1968 to january 1973, for the control of urinary bilharziasis bas been evaluated in khuzestan, southwest iran. the criteria for assessment were as follows:1. complete kill was obtained when no live b.truncatus was found in monthly surveys for one entire year after mol...