background: extubation is associated with the risk of complications such as accumulated secretion above the endotracheal tube cuff, eventual atelectasia following a reduction in pulmonary volumes because of a lack of physiological positive end expiratory pressure, and intra-tracheal suction. in order to reduce these complications, and, based on basic physiological principles, a new practical ex...

background: postoperative cognitive dysfunction (pocd) has been an important complication of cardiac surgery over the years. neurocognitive dysfunction can affect quality of life and lead to social, functional, emotional, and financial problems in the patient’s life. to reduce pocd, we sought to identify the association between cognitive dysfunction and perioperative factors in patients undergo...

Background: Renal vascular injuries mostly result from interventional urologic procedures such as percutaneous biopsy and nephrostomy. Serious hemorrhagic complications associated with percutaneous urologic procedures occur in 2.3-15% of the patients endangering patients' life. Conventional surgical treatment including partial and total nephrectomy carries great morbidity and results in remarka...

BACKGROUND Some paraplegic patients may wish undergo some surgical procedures, like urological procedures, without anesthesia. However, these patients can develop autonomic hyperreflexia if cystoscopy is performed without anesthesia. CASE PRESENTATION We present a case of severe autonomic hyperreflexia in a 44-year-old male with spinal cord injury at the level of T4 during urologic procedure ...