BACKGROUND Lactobacillus species are the most often found inhabitants of vaginal ecosystem of fertile women. In postmenopausal women with low oestrogen levels, Lactobacillus flora is diminishing or absent. However, no studies have been performed to investigate the correlation between oestrogen levels and the lactobacilli in the gut. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relation i...

In recent years, a number of randomised clinical trials have been completed overseas wherein antiretrovirals in various formats were evaluated for the prevention of HIV infection.1,2 Subjects ranged from men who have sex with men (MSM), heterosexual men and women, to people who inject drugs. Major antiretrovirals evaluated included coformulated tenofovir disoproxil fumarate / emtricitabine (TDF...

BACKGROUND Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is common and has been associated with increased HIV-1 susceptibility. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for BV in African women at high risk for acquiring HIV-1. METHODS We conducted a prospective study among 151 HIV-1-seronegative Kenyan female sex workers. Nonpregnant women were eligible if they did not have symptoms of abnormal va...

parents and teachers are critical stakeholders. Many would be uncomfortable allowing their children or students to participate in a survey that is so sexually explicit. It is worth noting that the age range in the Sanders study was 18e96 years, and included no minors. To achieve community buy-in, which is critical, one must be careful not to burden respondents and other key stakeholders. Admini...

INTRODUCTION Vaginal dryness due to vaginal atrophy is a common complaint of postmenopausal women, interfering with sexual function and quality of life. Hormone replacement therapy is the only effective therapy but with known risks that leave unmet medical needs. A new product, ZP-025 vaginal gel, containing purified (dialyzed lyophilized) bovine colostrum, has been developed for the treatment ...

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the blood...

Vaginal health, defined as the vaginal state in which the physiological condition remains stable, being protected from the onset of symptoms and facilitating a satisfying sex life, is one of the most common and less valued concerns in postmenopausal women. Many of the conditions that affect the vagina are related to its trophism and susceptibility to infection by unusual germs, which are phenom...

The anatomy of the clitoris is described in human anatomy textbooks. Some researchers have proposal and divulged a new anatomical terminology for the clitoris. This paper is a revision of the anatomical terms proposed by Helen O'Connell, Emmanuele Jannini, and Odile Buisson. Gynecologists, sexual medicine experts, and sexologists should spread certainties for all women, not hypotheses or person...

BACKGROUND Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has a major role in hematopoiesis, immune and acute phase response and its serum level seems to be associated with the mode of delivery. The purpose of this study was to compare the level of IL-6 in mothers who delivered via cesarean section and vaginally. METHODS This cross-sectional study was done on 40 mothers with vaginal delivery and 40 mothers with electi...