Use of X-ray CT (Computer Tomography) system has been extended from medical fields to a variety of industrial applications [1, 2]. Among them is the visualization of multi-dimensional void distribution of two-phase flow in tubes. Mitsutake et al. [3] and Morooka et al. [4] used medical X-ray CT scanners modified for void fraction measurement within rod bundles. The results were comparable with ...

X-Ray Refraction Topography techniques are based on Ultra Small Angle Scattering by micro structural elements causing phase related effects like refraction and total reflection at a few minutes of arc as the refractive index of X-rays is nearly unity. The refraction contrast is several times higher than “true absorption” and results in images of cracks, pores and fibre debonding separations bel...

In conventional x-ray imaging, including CT, the peak tube voltage (kVp) is a variable setting that affects image contrast, especially that due to differences in attenuation of high molecular weight substances such as iodine and calcium. For example, attenuation due to iodine at 80 kVp is approximately double that at 120-140 kVp. However, if the tube current (mA) is not adjusted appropriately t...

Introduction: Using computed tomography (CT) is increasing significantly in Iran and worldwide. Reduction of CT's radiation dose is a critical concern. The aim of this study was evaluating the effect of localizer kVp on spiral CT images when the tube current modulation (TCM) is activated. Materials and Methods: A special wedding cake phantom with circular in...

OBJECTIVES Phase-contrast imaging is a novel X-ray based technique that provides enhanced soft tissue contrast. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of visualizing human carotid arteries by grating-based phase-contrast tomography (PC-CT) at two different experimental set-ups: (i) applying synchrotron radiation and (ii) using a conventional X-ray tube. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fi...

This article reports development of a practical laboratory hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HXPS) system by combining a focused monochromatic Cr K(alpha) X-ray source, a wide angle acceptance objective lens and a high kinetic energy electron analyzer. The Cr K(alpha) source consists of a Cr target, a 15 kV focused electron gun, and a compact bent crystal monochromator. The X-ray spot size...

The purpose of this research is to achieve uniform spatial resolution in CT (computed tomography) images without hardware modification. The main idea of this study is to consider geometry optics model, which can provide the approximate blurring PSF (point spread function) kernel, which varies according to the distance from X-ray tube to each pixel. The FOV (field of view) was divided into sever...