A 23-year-old man with minimal-changed nephrotic syndrome presented reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) which manifested as visual disturbance, renal hypertension, headache, generalized seizure and altered mental status. T2-weighted images and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed high signal intensity lesions in the right poster...

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the pathophysiology of several central nervous system diseases that share common pathogeneses, such as disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In early ischemic injury, MMPs participate in disruption of the BBB by digesting the basal lamina of capillaries ...

BACKGROUND Cerebral edema is an important risk factor for death and poor outcome following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 is held responsible for the degradation of microvascular basal lamina proteins leading to blood-brain barrier dysfunction and, thus, formation of vasogenic cerebral edema. The curren...

Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) is a well-known but uncommon clinical syndrome with acute neurological phenomenon leading to destroying of the blood brain barrier and vasogenic edema on brain imaging. Studies showed PRES occurred in about 1% of liver transplant recipients within 3 months postoperatively. In this paper we reported a case of 43 year-old woman who received orth...

PURPOSE Hypertensive encephalopathy, a complex of cerebral disorders, including headache, seizures, visual disturbances, and other neurologic manifestations, is associated with a variety of conditions in which blood pressure rises acutely. It has been ascribed to either exuberant vasospasm with ischemia/infarction or breakthrough of autoregulation with interstitial edema. Diffusion-weighted MR ...

Ecchordosis physaliphora is a rare congenital, benign, hamartomatous, retroclival mass derived from notochordal tissue that is typically located intradurally in the prepontine cistern. Ecchordosis physaliphora is usually asymptomatic. In rare cases, ecchordosis physaliphora can be symptomatic due to tumor expansion and compression of the surrounding structures and extratumoral hemorrhage. To ou...

Diabetic macular edema (DME) can cause blindness in diabetic patients suffering from diabetic retinopathy (DR). DM parameters controls (glycemia, arterial tension, and lipids) are the gold standard for preventing DR and DME. Although the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to play a role in the development of DME, the pathological processes leading to the onset of this disease ar...

hypertonic solutions play an important role in the treatment of tissue edema. following the induction of experimental vasogenic brain edema by occlusion of the common carotid arteries in eight rabbits, the effect of hypertonic lactated ringer's solution (subjects), vs. isotonic lactated ringer's solution (control), was studied on blood pressure, electrolyte (sodium, potassium, and cal...

INTRODUCTION Brain edema may be life threatening. The mechanisms underlying the development of traumatic brain edema are still unclear; however, mixed mechanisms including vasogenic, ischemic, and neurotoxic types of edema may be contributors. Recent studies indicate that astrocytes, aquaporins (AQPs; a protein family of water channels), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may have im...