BACKGROUND Human and animal health are deeply intertwined in livestock dependent areas. Livestock health contributes to food security and can influence human health through the transmission of zoonotic diseases. In low-income countries diagnosis and treatment of livestock diseases is often carried out by household members who draw upon both ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) and contemporary veteri...

Variational Bayesian (VB) learning is known to be a promising approximation to Bayesian learning with computational efficiency. However, in some applications, e.g., large-scale collaborative filtering and tensor factorization, VB is still computationally too costly. In such cases, looser approximations such as MAP estimation and partially Bayesian (PB) learning, where a part of the parameters a...

The present work compares three different methods for training acoustic models in a Finnish large vocabulary speech recognition system. The models are trained using the maximum likelihood (ML), maximum a posteriori (MAP), and variational Bayesian (VB) principle. The results show that when the model complexity is properly chosen, all three methods give similar performance. As the model complexit...

The development of acquired cell-mediated immunity to infection with Listeria monocytogenes can be blocked by a 15 hr pulse of the antimitotic drug, vinblastine (Vb). The drug has no effect on the host-parasite relationship after 72 hr of infection when a high level of immunity is being expressed, i.e., when infective foci are populated by activated macrophages. Infective foci in mice treated e...

We present a novel method for approximate inference. Using some of the constructs from expectation propagation (EP), we derive a lower bound of the marginal likelihood in a similar fashion to variational Bayes (VB). The method combines some of the benefits of VB and EP: it can be used with light-tailed likelihoods (where traditional VB fails), and it provides a lower bound on the marginal likel...

We read with great interest the article by Susta et al. (1), wherein the authors report genetic diversity among Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains circulating in poultry populations along with classification of genotype V into three newly defined subgenotypes, subgenotypes Va, Vb, and Vc, based on fusion (F) gene sequence analysis. Subgenotype Va was defined by interpopulational evolutionary...

An independent set S of a connected graph G is called a frame if G − S is connected. If |S| = k, then S is called a k-frame. We prove the following theorem. Let k ≥ 2 be an integer, G be a connected graph with V (G) = {v1, v2, . . . , vn}, and degG(u) denote the degree of a vertex u. Suppose that for every 3-frame S = {va, vb, vc} such that 1 ≤ a < b < c ≤ n, degG(va) ≤ a, degG(vb) ≤ b − 1 and ...

In this paper we explore the use of Variational Bayesian (VB) learning in unsupervised speaker clustering. VB learning is a relatively new learning technique that has the capacity of doing at the same time parameter learning and model selection. We run experiments on the NIST 1996 HUB-4 evaluation test for speaker clustering. Two cases are considered : the speaker number is a priori known and i...

Methods Final year medical students were offered access and encouraged to use the application during the course. The login date, time, lesson chosen were collected over 15 months then separate into 3 periods: during the 2 weeks VB course, 34 weeks post-course and 31weeks post-medical school final exam . We used questionnaire to assess students’ views on its usefulness (1 = strong disagreement t...

There are some conflicts about constancy of conduction velocity (CV) in a given tract of nervous system. By recording excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC) in layer IV of the somatosensory cortex we tried to clear changes in CV of thalamocortical tract of mice aged 3 to 50 days old. Field potentials and EPSC were recorded in the layer IV by stimulation of ventrobasal nucleus of thalamus (VB) ...