To track a slowly moving object during whole body rotation, smooth-pursuit and vestibularly induced eye movements must interact to maintain the accuracy of eye movements in space (i.e., gaze), and gaze movement signals must eventually be converted into eye movement signals in the orbit. To understand the role played by the cerebellar vermis in pursuit-vestibular interactions, in particular whet...

Head direction cells form an internal compass signaling head azimuth orientation even without visual landmarks. This property is generated by a neuronal ring attractor that is updated using rotation velocity cues. The properties and origin of this velocity drive remain, however, unknown. We propose a quantitative framework whereby this drive represents a multisensory self-motion estimate comput...

We report four patients with the syndrome of cerebellar ataxia with bilateral vestibulopathy (CABV) and, using search coil oculography, we validate its characteristic clinical sign, namely impairment of the visually enhanced vestibulo-ocular reflex (VVOR) or doll's head reflex. In our four patients, CABV began in the sixth decade of life; they are still ambulant and self-caring 8-20 years after...

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) generated by voluntary head movements keyed to a tone varying sinusoidally in pitch was studied in 13 men. Modulation of pitch at frequencies ranging from 0.1-5.0 Hz yielded systematic variation in head movement frequencies, although above 2 Hz head frequencies fell below requested frequencies. Three conditions of visual stimulation were used. When an Earth-fix...

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to identify the most effective method of performing ankle pumping exercises. [Subjects and Methods] The study subjects were 10 men. We measured time-averaged maximum flow velocity and peak systolic velocity in the common femoral vein using a pulse Doppler method with a diagnostic ultrasound system during nine ankle pumping exercises (three different ankle pos...

Smooth pursuit and vestibularly induced eye movements interact to maintain the accuracy of eye movements in space (i.e., gaze). To understand the role played by the frontal eye fields in pursuit-vestibular interactions, we examined activity of 110 neurons in the periarcuate areas of head-stabilized Japanese monkeys during pursuit eye movements and passive whole-body rotation. The majority (92%)...

Although the supplementary eye field (SEF) has been implicated in the control of head movements associated with gaze shifts, there is no direct evidence that SEF plays a role in the generation of head movements independent of gaze. If the SEF does, varying the duration of stimulation should selectively alter the head-movement kinematics during the postgaze-shift period. The duration of the stim...

OBJECTIVES Growth velocity is an important factor to monitor for appropriate child growth. This study presents the growth velocity of infants based on length, weight, and head circumference. METHODS The subjects of this study were 308 neonates (160 boys and 148 girls) born in West Azerbaijan Province of northwestern Iran who were followed from birth for 4 years. The weights and lengths of the...

Kinesin-1 is a dimeric motor that transports cargo along microtubules, taking 8.2-nm steps in a hand-over-hand fashion. The ATP hydrolysis cycles of its two heads are maintained out of phase by a series of gating mechanisms, which lead to processive runs averaging ~1 μm. A key structural element for inter-head coordination is the neck linker (NL), which connects the heads to the stalk. To exami...