in history of shia jurisprudence, it is supposed that children have no duty and obligation, so there is no punishment in hereafter for them. this dominant idea is considered a kind of freedom for immature children and has unpleasant educational and social consequences. in recent century above- mentioned approach is challenged by one researcher called naeini;  but his theory about children punis...

In the nature of human beings there is a need for mutual exchange information, ideas, opinions, knowledge. Telling in simple language, this communication. It not an exaggeration to attribute much stronger function communication modern society. basis connecting individuals, groups and even social communities. Communication is, addition, necessary means civilizational achievements (as knowledge i...

Every infant has a right to bodily integrity. Removing healthy tissue from an infant is only permissible if there is an immediate medical indication. In the case of infant male circumcision there is no evidence of an immediate need to perform the procedure. As a German court recently held, any benefit to circumcision can be obtained by delaying the procedure until the male is old enough to give...