Ontologies help to identify and formally define the entities and relationships in specific domains of interest. Bio-ontologies, in particular, play a central role in the annotation, integration, analysis, and interpretation of biological data. Missing from the number of bio-ontologies is one that includes phenotypic trait information found in livestock species. As a result, the Animal Trait Ont...

The Gene Ontology project (http://www.geneontology.org/) produces structured, controlled vocabularies and gene product annotations. Gene products are classified according to the cellular locations and biological process in which they act, and the molecular functions that they carry out. We annotate gene products from a broad range of model species and provide support for those groups that wish ...

Ontology organizes and formally conceptualizes information in a knowledge domain with a controlled vocabulary having defined terms and relationships between them. Several ontologies have been used to annotate numerous databases in biology and medicine. Due to their unambiguous nature, ontological annotations facilitate systematic description and data organization, data integration and mining, a...

Unified, structured vocabularies and classifications freely provided by the Gene Ontology (GO) Consortium are widely accepted in most of the large scale gene annotation projects. Consequently, many tools have been created for use with the GO ontologies. WEGO (Web Gene Ontology Annotation Plot) is a simple but useful tool for visualizing, comparing and plotting GO annotation results. Different f...

Gene Ontology (GO) is developed to provide standard vocabularies of gene products in different databases. The process of annotating GO terms to genes requires curators to read through lengthy articles. Methods for speeding up or automating the annotation process are thus of great importance. We propose a GO annotation approach using full-text biomedical documents for directing more relevant pap...

Controlled vocabularies are common within bioinformatics resources. They can be used to give a summary of the knowledge held about a particular entity. They are also used to constrain values given for particular attributes of an entity. This helps create a shared understanding of a domain and aids increased precision and recall during querying of resources. Ontologies can also provide such faci...

Abstract. The EO4GEO Body of Knowledge (BoK) serves as a vocabulary for the domain geoinformation and earth observation, supporting annotation online resources. This paper presents how BoK is designed, maintained improved. We discuss content can be extended, using example integrating artificial intelligence (AI) concepts show done by adding persistent concept identifiers in metadata training ma...

A traditional approach to retrieving images is to manually annotate the image with textual keywords and then retrieve images using these keywords. Manual annotation is expensive and recently a few approaches have been proposed for automatically annotating images. These techniques usually learn a statistical model using a training set of images annotated with keywords and use this model to autom...

MOTIVATION Although controlled biochemical or biological vocabularies, such as Gene Ontology (GO) (http://www.geneontology.org), address the need for consistent descriptions of genes in different data sources, there is still no effective method to determine the functional similarities of genes based on gene annotation information from heterogeneous data sources. RESULTS To address this critic...