The objective of this paper is to introduce models to determine an effective, feasible, and cost-efficient strategy for Saudi Arabia’s water supply system to meet its projected demand in 2025. This paper uses cost minimizing and production maximizing approaches to build the models. The water management system is divided into three processes–desalination, distribution, and wastewater treatment. ...

Seeking cost reduction and energy savings in water supply by improving the operation of pumps is both an obvious as well as a very efficient possibility to consider. Without making changes to the basic elements of a water supply system, remarkable reductions in operation costs can be achieved by optimising the pump scheduling (PS) problem. The UK Water Research Centre (WRC) [1985] estimates the...

The goal of the present study was quality evaluation of the natural waters in Stara Zagora Region according to two parameters: total iron and zinc. With regard to the investigations conducted during October-December, 2009: the surface waters of Stara Zagora Region, towards the measured zinc and iron concentrations, could be classified as I category; the groundwaters of Stara Zagora Region, towa...

Editorial Topic 4 of the Renewable Energy Program of the Helmholtz Association focusses inter alia on the sustainable and cost-efficient use of geothermal reservoirs for base-load supply of heat and electricity by EGS. Current EGS projects show the limitations of such systems. Firstly, the localization of a potential reservoir prior to drilling still remains a major challenge. Secondly, the min...

BACKGROUND Of the three diseases targeted for eradication by WHO, two are so-called Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)-guinea worm disease (GWD) and yaws. The Guinea Worm Eradication Programme (GWEP) is in its final stages, with only 25 reported in 2016. However, global eradication still requires certification by WHO of the absence of transmission in all countries. We analyze the cost-effective...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research was to assess the local cost savings resulting from community water fluoridation, given current exposure levels to other fluoride sources. METHODS Adopting a societal perspective and using a discount rate of 4 percent, we compared the annual per person cost of fluoridation with the cost of averted disease and productivity losses. The latter was the produ...