The real-time control of water distribution networks for firefighting is an important but little-studied problem. Water utilities in England and Wales reduce hydraulic pressure to a minimum regulatory threshold order leakage avoid financial penalties. However, are not legally bound guarantee specific flow rates from fire hydrants, which poses risk firefighting. This study presents adaptive nonl...

A full three-dimensional, single phase computational fluid dynamics model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with both the gas distribution flow channels and the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) has been developed. A single set of conservation equations which are valid for the flow channels, gas-diffusion electrodes, catalyst layers, and the membrane region are developed and numer...

abstract aims: fluoride is one of the anions present in soil and water, and determining its level in drinking water is vital for preventing dental and bone diseases in societies. this research aimed to determine fluoride concentrations in drinking water sources of rural and urban areas of babol city, iran. instrument & methods: this descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in babol city,...

Prioritization of water mains for renewal requires the simultaneous consideration of their structural integrity and hydraulic performance as well as their contribution to the deterioration of water quality. Generally, the impact of deteriorating pipes on water quality in the distribution network has not been taken into account in the decision-making process. To address this issue, the National ...

bamdezh wetland with the geographical coordinates of   north longitude, east latitude and an area of 44 square kilometers, is located in about 40 km northwest of ahvaz and shavur river is the main source of its supply. this wetland is not only a habitat and suitable food source for aquatic and migratory birds, but as well a significant resource of income for the locals. today, with the arrival ...

the performance of water flooding can be investigated by using either detail numerical modeling or simulation, or simply through the analytical buckley-leverett (bl) model. the buckley-leverett analytical technique can be applied to one-dimensional homogeneous systems. in this paper, the impact of heterogeneity on water flooding performance and fractional flow curve is investigated. first, a ba...